Endonym and exonym

An endonym is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.

An exonym is a foreign established, non-native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system.

For instance, Deutschland is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms Germany and Germania in English and Italian, respectively, Alemania and Allemagne in Spanish and French, respectively, Niemcy in Polish, and Saksa and Saksamaa in Finnish and Estonian, respectively.

The terms autonym, endonym, exonym and xenonym are formed by adding specific prefixes to the Greek root word ὄνομα (ónoma) 'name', from Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥.

The prefixes added to these terms are also derived from Greek:

The terms autonym and xenonym also have different applications, thus leaving endonym and exonym as the preferred forms.

Marcel Aurousseau, an Australian geographer, first used the term exonym in his work The Rendering of Geographical Names (1957).

Endonyms and exonyms can be divided in three main categories:^{[citation needed]}