Daiei Film

Daiei Film Co. Ltd. (大映株式会社) was a Japanese film studio. In 1942, it was established as Dai Nippon Film Production (大日本映画製作, Dai-Nippon Eiga Seisaku) through corporate consolidation under the government's wartime controls, and in 1945, the company name was changed to simply Daiei (大映株式会社). It was one of the major studios during the postwar Golden Age of Japanese cinema, boasting a roster of directors like Kenji Mizoguchi, Kenji Misumi, and Yasuzō Masumura, alongside stars such as Shintaro Katsu, Ichikawa Raizō VIII, Machiko Kyō, Ayako Wakao, Fujiko Yamamoto, and Jirō Tamiya. It produced not only artistic masterpieces, such as Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (1950) , Mizoguchi's Ugetsu (1953) and Sansho the Bailiff (1954), and Teinosuke Kinugasa's Gate of Hell (1953) but also launched several film franchise, such as Gamera, Zatoichi and Yokai Monsters, and made the three Daimajin films (1966). Amid the rise of television, Daiei failed to diversify and went bankrupt in 1971.

In 1974, the company was restructured as the production studio Daiei Film by the publisher Tokuma Shoten, producing critical and commercial hits such as The Silk Road (1988), and Shall We Dance? (1996). However, due to its parent company's financial struggles following the collapse of the bubble economy, Daiei Film was acquired by publisher Kadokawa Shoten in 2002. The business was transferred to the newly established Kadokawa-Daiei Studio. The Daiei name disappeared in 2004 as a result of Kadokawa's reorganization of its film operations. Following subsequent mergers, Kadokawa Corporation now manages the former Daiei film library.

Daiei Film was the product of government efforts to reorganize the film industry during World War II in order to rationalize use of resources and increase control over the medium. Against a government plan to combine all the film studios into two companies, Masaichi Nagata, an executive at Shinkō Kinema, pressed hard for an alternative plan to create three studios. His efforts won out and Shinkō Kinema, Daito Eiga, and the production arm of Nikkatsu (the Nikkatsu theaters did not take part in the merger) were merged in 1942 to form the Dai Nippon Eiga Seisaku Kabushiki Kaisha, or Daiei for short. The novelist Kan Kikuchi served as the first president, with Nagata continuing as an executive. Daiei's studios were located in Chofu, Tokyo and in Uzumasa in Kyoto.

Nagata became president in 1947 and, apart from a brief period when he was purged by Occupation authorities, remained in that position until 1971. Under his reign, Daiei produced Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon (1950) and entered it in the Venice Film Festival, where it won the grand prize and became the first Japanese film to win an international award, thus introducing Japanese cinema to the world. Daiei also produced Teinosuke Kinugasa's Gate of Hell (1953), the first Japanese color film to be shown abroad, earning both an honorary Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Daiei also produced such renowned films as Kenji Mizoguchi's Ugetsu (1953) and Sansho the Bailiff (1954), as well as Jokyo ("A Woman's Testament", 1960) which was entered into the 10th Berlin International Film Festival. On the popular front, Daiei was also known for such successful film series as the Zatoichi series starring Shintaro Katsu, the Nemuri Kyoshiro (Sleepy Eyes of Death) series starring Raizō Ichikawa, the original Gamera series, the Daimajin trilogy and the Yokai Monsters trilogy. Daiei also produced many television series such as Shōnen Jet.

At its peak, Daiei featured such talent as the actors Raizō Ichikawa, Shintaro Katsu, Kazuo Hasegawa, Fujiko Yamamoto, Machiko Kyō, and Ayako Wakao; the directors Kenji Mizoguchi, Kon Ichikawa, Yasuzo Masumura, Tokuzō Tanaka, and Kenji Misumi; and the cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa and Fujirō Morita.

Like some other Japanese film studios, Daiei had its own professional baseball team in the 1950s, the Daiei Stars, which later became the Daiei Unions. These teams eventually became the Chiba Lotte Marines.

Suffering from Nagata's profligacy and an industry-wide decline in attendance, Daiei tried to stay alive by teaming up with Nikkatsu to create Dainichi Eihai, but eventually declared bankruptcy in December 1971. Art director Yoshinobu Nishioka and some of the studio's other employees founded Eizo Kyoto Production. Other members of the union, however, succeeded in getting Yasuyoshi Tokuma, the president of the publishing house Tokuma Shoten, to revive the company in 1974. The company continued as a producer, making only a small number of films, some of which were big budget spectaculars like the international co-production The Go Masters (1982), a new Gamera trilogy (1995, 1996 and 1999), art house hits like Shall We Dance? (1996), and genre films like Kiyoshi Kurosawa's Pulse or Takashi Miike's Dead or Alive films.

Following the passing of Yasuyoshi Tokuma, Daiei Film Co. was sold to the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. In November 2002, Chairman Maihiko Kadokawa announced that Daiei Film Co. would merge with the company's own film division, Kadokawa Pictures, to form Kadokawa-Daiei Film Co. Ltd. In 2004, it dropped the name Daiei and went by the name Kadokowa Pictures. The studio now goes by the name; Kadokawa Daiei Studio Co., Ltd.