Hubbry Logo
Shoe (cards)Shoe (cards)Main
Open search
Shoe (cards)
Community hub
Shoe (cards)
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Shoe (cards)
Shoe (cards)
Shoe (cards)
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
A shoe holding four decks of cards with card cut (red)

A dealing shoe or dealer's shoe is a gaming device, mainly used in casinos, to hold multiple decks of playing cards. The shoe allows for more games to be played by reducing the time between shuffles, while also reducing the chance of dealer cheating.[1] In some games, such as blackjack (where card counting is a possibility), using multiple decks of cards can increase the house edge.

History

[edit]

The dealing shoe was invented in 1822, Virginia gambler Robert Bailey, for the game of faro. His shoe hid the cards from sight, but did prevent slight of hand cheating on the part of the dealer. An improved version was introduced in 1825, which had an open-top, that held the deck face up so the next card to be dealt could be seen. This was rapidly adopted for faro and later for baccarat. Almost immediately versions of the shoe came on the market that allowed the dealer to cheat.[2]

Prior to 1961 in Las Vegas casinos, all blackjack was dealt from a single deck. John Scarne proposed to the Nevada Gaming Control Board that a state ruling be enacted such that Blackjack must be dealt from a shoe (Graves's invention). While no such ruling was ever passed, most Nevada casinos now deal from a multi-deck shoe.[3] As gaming advisor to the Havana Hilton, Scarne also introduced the shoe to Puerto Rico and Cuba.[4]

Usage

[edit]

Dealing shoes come in many colors and sizes, depending on the number of decks they are capable of holding (2, 4, 6, or 8 decks).[citation needed]

When the cards are placed in the shoe, the dealer will insert a brightly colored blank plastic card, after using the same card to perform a cut. When this card is drawn it indicates that the current game is the last one before a new shuffle. This helps mitigate player advantage via card counting, as a significant portion (usually about 25 percent)[5] of the full inventory of cards never comes into play. The percentage of cards that are dealt is sometimes called the penetration.

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Shoe (cards)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
In the context of casino card games, particularly , a shoe is a specialized dealing device designed to hold multiple decks of playing cards—typically four to eight decks—and dispense them one at a time to facilitate efficient without the dealer needing to handle the entire stack. The device, often made of and resembling the shape of a (hence its name), was developed and popularized by expert in the mid-20th century to speed up dealing processes and reduce opportunities for cheating in multi-deck games. The shoe was introduced in the early 1960s alongside multi-deck in casinos, following Scarne's 1961 proposal to gaming authorities—though not mandated by regulation—and quickly gained popularity in casinos across , , and for enabling longer play sessions with minimal interruptions. A key feature of the shoe is the inclusion of a cut card (often red) inserted near the end of the pack, which signals when to reshuffle after reaching it—typically leaving about 25% of the cards undealt—to limit strategies and maintain game integrity. In modern , six-deck shoes are the most common, containing 312 cards in total, and they contribute to a slightly higher house edge compared to single-deck games by diluting the impact of individual card values. While primarily associated with , shoes are also used in other multi-deck table games like to ensure fair and rapid distribution.

Definition and Purpose

What is a Dealing Shoe

A dealing shoe is a rectangular box-like gaming device primarily used in casinos to securely hold and dispense multiple decks of playing cards, typically ranging from four to eight decks (208 to 416 cards total), with six-deck shoes (312 cards) being the most common, in a sequential and controlled manner. This design enables efficient dealing during extended play sessions without frequent reshuffling, as the cards are pre-shuffled and loaded into the device beforehand. Physically, the dealing shoe consists of an enclosed structure, often constructed from durable materials like acrylic, featuring a front dispensing slot through which the dealer extracts cards one at a time, face down. Inside, the cards rest on a that facilitates smooth sliding toward the slot, and the shoe typically includes a designated area for inserting a cut card—a plastic marker placed approximately 60 to 75 cards from the end—to indicate when the remaining cards are insufficient for further play, prompting reshuffling. The core role of the dealing is to minimize direct handling of the cards by the dealer, who does not hold or manipulate the entire deck, thereby reducing opportunities for such as card switching or peeking. By dispensing cards mechanically from the front, it ensures a , randomized sequence that aligns with the game's . The term "shoe" originates from the early wooden prototypes of the device, which were shaped similarly to women's high-heeled shoes. It is most commonly employed in multi-deck card games like blackjack and baccarat.

Primary Functions

The dealing shoe primarily serves to accommodate multiple decks of cards, typically 6 to 8 in modern casino use, enabling prolonged gameplay sessions without the need for frequent interruptions to reshuffle. This design supports extended play by containing a large stack of pre-shuffled cards, which are drawn sequentially until a predetermined cut card signals the end of the shoe, often after 70 to 80 hands in a standard blackjack game with good penetration on a full table. By consolidating the cards into a single, controlled container, the shoe minimizes downtime associated with manual shuffling, allowing casinos to maintain a steady pace of play and maximize table throughput. A key security function of the dealing is to restrict the dealer's direct access to the card stack, thereby reducing opportunities for sleight-of-hand manipulation or by staff. The enclosed structure prevents dealers from handling the entire deck freely, which limits potential tampering such as cards or introducing marked ones into play. Additionally, the use of multiple decks within the shoe complicates strategies for players, as the increased card volume dilutes the impact of tracking specific high-value cards, making it harder to predict favorable outcomes and thereby enhancing overall integrity. This standardization also helps stabilize the house edge across hands, minimizing short-term variability that could arise from single-deck fluctuations. In terms of , the facilitates a gravity-assisted mechanism where cards slide smoothly from the rear to the front dealing slot, enabling quicker and more consistent distribution than hand-dealt methods. This automated sliding process reduces dealing errors and speeds up the pace, allowing for more hands per hour—often 70 to 100 in multi-player settings—while maintaining procedural uniformity across games. The physical enclosure, typically constructed from durable acrylic, ensures cards remain protected and aligned, supporting reliable performance during high-volume operations.

History

Origins in Cuba

The dealing shoe for originated in the casinos of , , during the 1950s as a measure to combat dealer cheating in the game of 21, where hand-held single decks allowed manipulation such as slipping favorable bottom cards to players in exchange for tips. Gambling expert , serving as an advisor to the Havana Hilton, played a key role in introducing the shoe to Cuban casinos to promote fair play. This practice not only boosted short-term house wins but also exposed operations to risks, prompting management to intervene amid the era's rampant influences. Casino operators, including those backed by American mob figures like under President Fulgencio Batista's regime, introduced prototypes adapted from the wooden baccarat shoe long used in European houses to separate shuffling from dealing and obscure card sequences. These simple devices, typically loaded with four decks, enforced fair play by preventing dealers from freely accessing or stacking the cards, directly addressing vulnerabilities in the American-style game of 21 while drawing on established mechanics for efficiency. The shoe's widespread adoption in casinos accelerated in the post-1940s period, coinciding with a surge in U.S. tourists flocking to the island's and gaming venues, which amplified concerns over mob-orchestrated cheating scandals that could undermine the burgeoning industry. By standardizing multi-deck dealing, the innovation not only curbed fraud but also sped up play to accommodate the influx of visitors, solidifying its role in Cuba's pre-revolutionary landscape.

Adoption and Evolution in Casinos

The dealing shoe migrated to in the early 1960s, brought by Cuban casino operators fleeing Fidel Castro's revolution, which banned gambling in 1959; this followed its development in Cuban casinos during the 1950s under the influence of American mob figures like , who oversaw operations in to standardize play and reduce dealer cheating in multi-deck games. The device, originally adapted from shoes holding four decks, was quickly embraced in U.S. casinos to accelerate gameplay and counter emerging card-counting techniques popularized by Edward Thorp's 1962 book Beat the Dealer. In the and , dealing shoes evolved from early wooden models to more durable acrylic and plastic constructions, improving longevity and ease of use in high-volume environments. By the mid-, four-deck shoes became standard in blackjack tables to dilute card-counting advantages, with expansions to six- and eight-deck versions following as casinos sought further protection against skilled players. Although no formal mandate from the required shoes in multi-deck games by 1970, regulatory oversight increasingly emphasized standardized equipment to ensure fair play, leading to widespread adoption across properties. The and saw further advancements in shoe design, including the introduction of automatic shuffling machines that integrated with traditional shoes to continuously randomize decks and neutralize card-counting exploits in . Features like reinforced card-feed mechanisms and tamper-resistant enclosures emerged in response to attempts, such as hidden devices in shoes used by counters, prompting casinos to enhance and equipment integrity. These developments aligned with broader industry shifts, including the 1978 legalization of casino gambling in Atlantic City, where multi-deck shoes were required under New Jersey gaming rules, typically using eight decks, for efficiency and security. In the and beyond, dealing shoes in high-stakes venues began incorporating electronic monitoring, such as card-reading sensors in models like the Bee-Tek shoe for and variants, allowing real-time tracking of dealt cards to detect irregularities and automate payouts. While these smart shoes provide enhanced oversight in select international and premium U.S. casinos, manual acrylic shoes remain the standard for most table games due to their simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Continuous shuffling machines, introduced around 2000 by companies like Shuffle Master, further evolved the ecosystem by eliminating the need for periodic shoe reloads, though they faced player backlash for reducing opportunities.

Design and Construction

Key Components

The standard dealing shoe features a sloped card bed that serves as the primary support surface for the stacked decks, angled downward from the rear to the front to leverage in advancing the cards toward the dispensing area. This incline typically ranges from 10° to 30°, ensuring consistent forward movement without requiring excessive manual intervention. The bed interacts with the overall structure by aligning the cards in a controlled descent, preventing bunching or misalignment as the stack diminishes. Enclosing the card bed are adjustable side walls and end stops that securely contain 4 to 8 decks of cards, with the side walls positioned parallel to maintain edge alignment and the end stops at the rear and front to define the boundaries of the stack. A rear pusher, often in the form of a weighted roller or , compresses the cards against the , promoting uniform feeding by countering any gaps that might form during use. These elements work in tandem: the side walls and end stops stabilize the stack laterally and longitudinally, while the pusher applies consistent force to keep the cards in contact with the sloped surface, facilitating smooth progression. At the front of the shoe lies the dispensing mechanism, often equipped with a card feed that narrows the gap to 0.015–0.045 inches to prevent multiple cards from emerging simultaneously and ensure one card is released at a time. This slot is typically covered by a hinged during loading to protect the cards and ensure secure closure before play begins. The mechanism integrates with the sloped bed and by allowing the forward momentum of the compressed stack to position the top card precisely at the slot, where it can be manually withdrawn without disrupting the remaining deck. A cut card is inserted into the stack of cards near the end—typically after about 75% of the cards have been dealt, such as 1.5 decks in a six-deck —to signal when the shoe is nearly depleted and reshuffling is required. This placement serves as a visible barrier within the stack, prompting the dealer to stop dealing upon reaching it and reshuffle, thus maintaining game integrity without altering the flow of cards from the sloped bed or pusher.

Materials and Manufacturing

Dealing shoes for card games are primarily constructed from high-impact plastics such as acrylic or ABS, chosen for their durability, lightweight nature (typically weighing 2-3 pounds when empty), and resistance to wear caused by repeated card . These materials, often in clear form with thicknesses of at least 1/4 inch, provide visibility into the card stack while preventing chipping, breaking, or deformation under conditions. Internal components feature smooth metal or guides to ensure cards move without sticking, along with a heavy roller—often weighing 0.5 to 0.75 pounds—housed in a or metal casing for precise dispensing. Some models include a rubber liner within the roller assembly to apply even downward pressure and minimize friction. Optional felt linings may be added to the card bed in certain designs to reduce operational noise, though this is not universal. Manufacturing typically involves injection molding of the plastic body in specialized supply factories, often located in or the , to achieve precise slot dimensions and smooth edges. This process allows for , followed by manual assembly of the roller and guides, and rigorous quality inspections to verify card flow and structural integrity. Luxury variants incorporate aesthetic exteriors like or wood—such as or briar—for high-end gaming tables, while retaining internals to maintain and protect cards from damage. This shift from earlier wooden constructions to modern s has enhanced longevity and ease of cleaning in professional settings.

Operation and Usage

Loading and Preparation

The preparation of a dealing shoe begins with the shuffling of multiple decks of cards, typically ranging from four to eight standard 52-card decks, to ensure and fairness in . This process is conducted off the table by the dealer, pit boss, or an automated to minimize disruptions and maintain game pace. For multi-deck games, the cards are divided into smaller stacks and shuffled using techniques such as riffling—interleaving two halves repeatedly—and stripping—peeling off small groups from the top or bottom—until thoroughly mixed, often requiring several iterations to achieve uniformity. Following , the cards undergo to verify and . Dealers examine each card for defects like rips, creases, bends, or marks that could compromise security, fanning them out on the table for visual review by players, the pit boss, or personnel. The total card count is precisely verified— for instance, exactly 312 cards for six decks—to prevent discrepancies or tampering. Any irregularities prompt immediate intervention and potential reshuffling. Once inspected, the stack is loaded into the by the dealer, who lifts the hinged lid to access the sloped internal bed. The cards are placed face down in a neat, aligned pile, with the adjustable pusher mechanism at the rear compressing the stack firmly against the front to eliminate air pockets, misalignments, or bends that could hinder smooth dispensing. A cut card, often or for visibility, is then inserted at a predetermined depth from the end—typically 60 to 75 cards remaining undealt—to dictate shoe penetration and signal when reshuffling is required, ensuring consistent play length. Throughout loading, stringent security measures are enforced to safeguard against . Surveillance cameras monitor the entire process in real-time, with pit bosses or supervisors overseeing to detect any attempts to introduce marked, , or manipulated decks. Card counts are double-checked, and only authorized personnel handle the decks, with any deviations reported immediately to maintain game integrity.

Dealing Process in Games

In casino card games such as and , the dealing process from a involves the dealer manually dispensing cards one at a time to maintain game integrity and pace. The dealer positions the to their left and uses their placed in the front slot to push the top card forward, often bending it slightly against the 's edge to separate it from the stack and ensure only a single card emerges through the dispensing slot. This technique, supported by the 's design with a low-friction surface and retaining gate, prevents multiple cards from being drawn inadvertently. Game-specific adaptations dictate the order and orientation of cards dealt from the shoe. In , typically played with 6 to 8 decks, the dealer dispenses cards starting from the player farthest to their left: one card face up to each player, one face up to the dealer (upcard), a second face up to each player, and a second face down to the dealer (hole card). In , using 8 decks, the initial four cards are dealt alternately face down—first and third to the Player hand, second and fourth to hand—with subsequent third cards drawn according to fixed rules based on initial totals, all managed by the dealer in mini-baccarat variants for efficiency. Penetration rules govern how deeply into the cards are dealt before reshuffling to preserve . A cut card, often red or yellow, is inserted approximately 70-80% through the shoe after loading; play continues until this card appears, at which point the current hand is completed, and the remaining cards trigger a full reshuffle of the . This practice, varying slightly by and (e.g., about 14 cards from the end in some rules), ensures sufficient cards remain for fair play while minimizing exposure to potential sequencing exploits. Common errors during dispensing include card jams or misfeeds, often caused by uneven pressure on the stack or cards, which can disrupt flow and require intervention. To prevent jams, dealers maintain consistent, light thumb pressure and align cards evenly before each pull, with training programs emphasizing smooth, rhythmic motions to avoid clumping. If a jam occurs or an incorrect card is exposed (e.g., the dealer's hole card in ), official procedures mandate reporting to a , correcting the deal where possible (such as using the errant card in the next position), or reshuffling if integrity is compromised.

Types and Variations

Manual Dealing Shoes

Manual dealing shoes are traditional devices used in casino table games to dispense playing cards one at a time, relying on a gravity-based manual feed mechanism without any motors or electronic components. These shoes typically hold between four and eight decks of cards, allowing dealers to pull cards smoothly via a weighted roller and acrylic construction designed for durability and precision. They are widely employed in games such as and , where they facilitate efficient dealing while minimizing exposure of the card sequence to prevent or . Available in various sizes, manual dealing shoes range from two-deck models for lower-stakes games to eight-deck versions suited for high-volume play, with six-deck shoes being the most common configuration in . This six-deck standard strikes a balance between dealing speed—enabling more hands per hour—and security, as the increased number of cards reduces the effectiveness of tracking techniques while keeping the shoe manageable for dealers. Single- and multi-deck options are often customized with clear or colored acrylic to enhance visibility and match aesthetics. These shoes require minimal maintenance due to their simple , involving regular with soft cloths to remove any residue from card handling, though specific protocols can vary by . Costing between $25 and $65 per unit, manual dealing shoes are inexpensive and readily available from specialized suppliers such as Spinettis Gaming Supplies and Casino Supply, with options for custom orders to meet specifications.

Automatic and Continuous Shufflers

Automatic dealing shoes represent an from traditional manual models, incorporating electric or battery-powered mechanisms to dispense cards more reliably in environments. These devices typically feature motorized dispensers that facilitate smooth card delivery, often equipped with sensors such as contact image sensors (CIS) or optical detectors to read card rank and as they are dealt, thereby enhancing and reducing errors. For instance, the i-SHOE system automatically delivers cards one at a time from up to eight decks, using sensors to identify any irregularities like extra cards and integrating with touch-screen interfaces for configurable settings. Such sensors also help detect potential jams by monitoring card movement, allowing for automatic recovery in mechanized variants, which makes them suitable for mid-stakes games like where consistent performance is valued over high-volume play. Continuous shufflers, a more advanced powered variation, integrate card recycling to maintain an ongoing supply without interrupting gameplay, distinguishing them from standard automatic shoes by their internal shuffling chambers. Pioneered by Shuffle Master Inc. in 1992 under inventor John Breeding, these machines continuously randomize multiple decks—typically four to six—by drawing discarded cards back into a shuffling mechanism that employs randomization algorithms and compartments to intermix them before redealing. This design, as detailed in U.S. Patent 6,254,096, achieves a low card recurrence rate per hand, ensuring unpredictability while accelerating game pace by up to 20-30% compared to manual processes. Introduced in the 1990s primarily to counter card counting strategies by preventing deck depletion and eliminating predictable sequences, these shufflers recycle cards immediately after use, making it difficult for players to track high or low card frequencies. As of 2025, continuous shufflers remain in use for high-limit games but have faced criticism from players for potentially altering game dynamics, leading some casinos to revert to manual shoes. Key innovations in these powered shoes include feed s to ensure precise card dispensing, as outlined in U.S. Patent 20060279040A1 (filed 2005, published 2006) by inventors Justin Downs, James Roberts, and Sion Walsh of Shuffle Master, Inc. This patent describes a limiter adjustable for card thicknesses between 0.010-0.040 inches, paired with position sensors to trigger scanning and prevent multiple card feeds, applicable to both manual and mechanized shoes in games like and . In practice, continuous shufflers find niches in high-limit and certain poker variants, where their security features outweigh operational complexities, though they remain controversial for potentially slowing play in some setups despite overall efficiency gains. Units typically cost between $7,800 and $12,500, with leasing options around $500 per month for deployment.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Benefits for Casinos and Players

Dealing shoes provide significant advantages to casinos by improving and safeguarding game integrity. The controlled dispensing of cards from a minimizes the risk of dealer techniques, such as bottom-dealing or second-dealing, as cards are released sequentially without manual manipulation. This mechanism also facilitates the use of multiple decks, which standardizes rules and increases the house edge to approximately 0.64% in six-deck games and 0.65% in eight-deck games under typical rules, compared to 0.17% for single-deck play. Furthermore, multi-deck shoes extend play sessions by reducing reshuffle frequency, as a single shoe can accommodate 70 to 100 hands before requiring a shuffle, allowing for uninterrupted and conserving dealer time. These efficiencies translate to economic gains for through higher table throughput and revenue potential. Shoe-based games support an average of 60 to 70 hands per hour at a full seven-player table, enabling more betting opportunities and increased house earnings without additional labor costs. By diluting the effectiveness of card-counting strategies—where the true count shifts the edge by only about 0.5% per unit in a six-deck —multi-deck shoes help maintain a balanced game environment and protect long-term profitability. For players, dealing shoes promote fairness and enhance the overall experience by ensuring thorough across multiple decks, which lessens the influence of individual card removals on subsequent hands. This setup accelerates gameplay, with shoe games achieving up to 200 hands per hour in heads-up scenarios, compared to slower paces in hand-dealt single- or double-deck formats. Additionally, the transparent of many shoes allows visible card progression, fostering trust in the dealing process and providing a sense of authenticity that appeals to recreational and tourist players.

Potential Drawbacks and Limitations

Dealing shoes, especially automatic models, are susceptible to card jams and mechanical wear if not regularly maintained, leading to temporary pauses in gameplay that disrupt the flow at busy tables. Multi-deck shoes, due to their larger size and weight, also prolong the initial loading and preparation time compared to single-deck hand-dealt games. These operational challenges can reduce the number of hands dealt per hour, countering some efficiency gains in high-volume environments. From a player's perspective, shallow penetration in games—where a significant portion of the decks remains undealt—severely limits opportunities for card counters to exploit favorable counts, substantially lowering their and increasing the variance they must endure. For instance, avoiding games with poor penetration is often advised because it requires far more hours to achieve profitability, making such conditions not worth the risk for advantage players. Continuous shuffling machines (CSMs), a variant of automated , draw particular criticism for eliminating traditional deck cycles, rendering ineffective and giving the game a "soulless" feel that diminishes strategic excitement for skilled players. Logistically, dealing shoes incur notable costs in high-traffic , with frequent replacements needed due to wear from constant use, alongside expenses. Their bulkiness further makes them impractical for single-deck home s, where space constraints and simpler setups are preferred. Regulatory frameworks in various jurisdictions impose detailed procedures for shoe usage to promote integrity, such as approved placement and handling protocols, amid debates over whether shoes excessively favor the house by curtailing advantages through shallow penetration and automated . As of , standards like GLI-29 outline technical requirements for shufflers and shoes to prevent manipulation, reflecting concerns about over-reliance on such devices potentially skewing fairness, though some jurisdictions have adopted updates for electronic integration.

References

  1. https://bicyclecards.com/how-to-play/blackjack
  2. https://www.softgamings.com/casino-glossary/shoe/
  3. https://gambiter.com/cards/Shoe_cards.html
  4. https://gaming-supplies.com/blackjack/blackjack-shoe/
  5. https://www.vegas-aces.com/learn/deal-blackjack-03-handling-the-cards/
  6. https://tcsjohnhuxley.com/us/product/shoes/
  7. https://www.casinocitytimes.com/walter-thomason/article/blackjack-is-played-one-shoe-at-a-time-1335
  8. https://www.leovegas.com/en-ca/blog/live-casino/blackjack/blackjack-decks
  9. https://wizardofodds.com/games/blackjack/why-number-of-decks-matter/
  10. https://www.livecasinocomparer.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-casinos-using-an-auto-shoe-in-blackjack/
  11. https://www.blackjacktheforum.com/showthread.php?p=11152
  12. https://www.casinocitytimes.com/john-marchel/article/the-blackjack-shoe-61243
  13. https://themobmuseum.org/blog/rise-castro-fall-havana-mob/
  14. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/mob-havana-cuba-culture-music-book-tj-english-cultural-travel-180960610/
  15. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/104997782
  16. http://www.cigaraficionado.com/article/when-the-mob-ruled-havana
  17. https://steveforte.com/pages/gambling-collectibles-table-of-contents
  18. https://www.gaming.nv.gov/siteassets/content/regs2/AllRegulations.pdf
  19. https://www.blackjacktheforum.com/showthread.php?11004-Hitman-Blackjack-Shoe-Computers
  20. https://www.nhfournier.es/en/casinos/beetek/
  21. https://patents.google.com/patent/US6402142B1/en
  22. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20060279040A1/en
  23. https://www.blackjackinfo.com/community/threads/typical-penetration.159/
  24. https://casino4you.com/product/8-deck-dealing-shoe-clear-acrylic/
  25. https://www.amazon.com/GSE-Games-Sports-Expert-Blackjack/dp/B078P2JG5X
  26. https://wizardofvegas.com/forum/off-topic/general/41487-did-you-know-custom-plastic-fabrication-is-behind-many-gambling-materials/
  27. https://www.kardwell.com/blackjack-dealing-shoe-casino-professional-quality-8-deck-clear-with-black-trim
  28. https://www.casinopoker-chips.com/video-128461-ds04-card-dealer-shoe-electronic-licensing-device.html
  29. https://sleaf.goldsupplier.com/about.html
  30. https://www.made-in-china.com/products-search/hot-china-products/Dealer_Shoe.html
  31. https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/card-dealer-shoes.html
  32. https://www.ebay.com/b/Collectible-Casino-Card-Dealer-Shoes/63747/bn_2309945
  33. https://www.kardwell.com/dealing-shoes
  34. https://www.geoffreyparker.com/shop/blackjack-dealer-shoe/
  35. https://www.mastersofgames.com/cat/casino/dealer-card-shoes.htm
  36. https://www.vegas-aces.com/learn/deal-blackjack-02-shuffling/
  37. https://www.scribd.com/document/471135113/BJ07a-Blackjack-Shuffle-Procedure-0215
  38. https://www.compliance.lottery.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt686/files/inline-documents/agp-double-twist-blackjack-v-1.pdf
  39. https://www.pacodeandbulletin.gov/Display/pacode?file=/secure/pacode/data/058/chapter633a/s633a.7.html
  40. https://massgaming.com/wp-content/uploads/Rules-Baccarat-6-20-18.pdf
  41. https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/colorado/1-CCR-207-1-8
  42. https://www.leovegas.com/en-ca/blog/live-casino/blackjack/blackjack-strategies/blackjack-deck-penetration
  43. https://spinettisgaming.com/products/8-deck-red-blackjack-casino-dealing-shoe
  44. https://www.cachecreek.com/how-many-decks-are-used-in-blackjack
  45. https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/blackjack8.htm
  46. https://www.casinosupply.com/products/casino-blackjack-dealer-shoe-6-deck-clear-1
  47. https://www.casinosupply.com/collections/dealer-shoes-and-discard-holders
  48. https://spinettisgaming.com/collections/card-shoes
  49. http://www.thetpro.com/baccarat/i-shoe-auto/
  50. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150265909A1/en
  51. https://network.pokernow.club/blog/Automatic-Poker-Card-Shuffler
  52. https://www.casinocitytimes.com/john-may/article/united-states-patent-6-254-096-shuffle-masters-continuous-shuffler-10585
  53. https://www.blackjackapprenticeship.com/continuous-shuffle-machines/
  54. https://www.americangamingsupply.com/automatic-card-shuffler.aspx
  55. https://forumserver.twoplustwo.com/27/casino-amp-cardroom-poker/what-rent-shuffing-machines-896066/
  56. https://wizardofodds.com/games/blackjack/appendix/1/6d.htm
  57. https://www.americancasinoguidebook.com/blackjack/multi-deck-vs-single-deck-blackjack-pace-visibility-and-shuffle-cadence.html
  58. https://wizardofodds.com/ask-the-wizard/136/
  59. https://wizardofodds.com/games/blackjack/card-counting/introduction/
  60. https://www.blackjacktheforum.com/showthread.php?p=210040
  61. https://www.gamblingandthelaw.com/casino-countermeasures-are-casinos-cheating/
  62. https://www.blackjackapprenticeship.com/how-much-does-penetration-really-matter/
  63. https://www.casino.org/blog/what-is-deck-penetration-in-blackjack-and-why-its-important/
  64. https://gaminglabs.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/GLI-29-Card-Shufflers-and-Dealer-Shoes-v1-0-Final-2012-07-16.pdf
  65. https://www.law.cornell.edu/regulations/pennsylvania/58-Pa-Code-SS-687a-8
  66. https://gaminglabs.com/gli-standards/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.