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Deborah Squash
Deborah Squash (born c. 1763–?) was a slave on George Washington's Mount Vernon plantation before she escaped in 1781. She went to New Amsterdam, which was the headquarters for the British during the American Revolution. At the end of the war, she was one of the 3,000 blacks in the Book of Negroes that sailed on a British ship for Nova Scotia.
Deborah was enslaved on George and Martha Washington's Mount Vernon plantation as a child. The Washingtons held about 300 slaves, who were expected to work hard. Washington's slaves were considered to have "highly developed skills" and were considered "valuable property". During the American Revolutionary War, Washington was interested in selling off his slaves, particularly single people (to avoid separating husbands and wives), because he was "desperately in need of money". Single African-Americans at Mount Vernon were aware that they could be sold at any time. Nine people were sold in 1779 and Washington had asked his cousin and overseer Lund Washington to check the market for good prices for the remaining single slaves.
During the American Revolutionary War, Lord Dunmore, governor of the Colony of Virginia issued a proclamation in 1775 that granted freedom to those who left their owners and joined the ranks of the British Army. Sir Henry Clinton, the British Commander-in-chief at New York, determined that the British were losing the war, and issued the Philipsburg Proclamation (1779) in which any black person who became loyal to the British would receive freedom, protection, and land.
At age 16, Deborah saw her opportunity to escape in April 1781 when the 14-gun British sloop-of-war HMS Savage arrived within a quarter of a mile from Mount Vernon as her crew sacked and burnt several plantations along the Potomac River. Leaving Mount Vernon was a leap of faith—that the British would honor their offer of freedom and that she would be able to acquire a job to support herself.
She and sixteen other enslaved people, all single, ran with her to board Savage. Lund Washington, a cousin of George Washington and an overseer on the plantation, tried to win the escaped slaves back by exchanging them for supplies. Savage's captain, Thomas Graves, took the provisions, but refused to return the slaves. Deborah survived a bout of illness, having acquired smallpox that left her face pock-marked and made her way to New York City, the headquarters for the British military during the war. Henry Squash, who also escaped enslavement, came to New York City and was sold by Capt. Huddleston of the Royal Artillery to Mr. Lynch. Henry and Deborah were married.
The war ended in 1783 and under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the British were forbidden from "carrying away any Negroes, or other Property of the American Inhabitants". Sir Guy Carleton, who was responsible for the evacuation of British forces from the colonies, feared their treatment upon their return to their American enslavers. He refused to return the African-Americans, but offered monetary compensation for each runaway, which was accepted by George Washington. The Book of Negroes listed each black person who boarded a British ship in New York. Deborah was listed as having been about 20 years of age, married to Henry, and was believed to have escaped four years ago. She received her certificate of freedom from General Samuel Birch.
On April 27, 1783, Deborah and Henry boarded a ship named Polly for Port Roseway, Nova Scotia. She narrowly missed being returned to Mount Vernon when Washington wrote the following day to the commissioner of embarkation at New York to ask him to hold any of his slaves.
Deborah arrived at Port Rosey, but the Canadians were unequipped to manage a large influx of people. Many people initially lived in temporary housing – such as pit houses, tents, or huts. Although there was promise of land, most people did not receive land, and if they did it was often unsuitable to farm. If a black person had a skill, they took up a trade, but were not paid as much as white people. Those who did not have a trade became indentured servants and were treated like slaves. Slavery was legal in Nova Scotia at the time. Angered that blacks were paid less and therefore had more customers, a group of former white soldiers commenced Canada's first race riot in July 1784 when they destroyed the homes of 20 blacks in Port Rosey (now Shelburne). Many blacks died due to illness, poverty, starvation, and harsh winters. Able to freely worship, blacks found religion and spiritual songs to help them cope with their hardships.
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Deborah Squash
Deborah Squash (born c. 1763–?) was a slave on George Washington's Mount Vernon plantation before she escaped in 1781. She went to New Amsterdam, which was the headquarters for the British during the American Revolution. At the end of the war, she was one of the 3,000 blacks in the Book of Negroes that sailed on a British ship for Nova Scotia.
Deborah was enslaved on George and Martha Washington's Mount Vernon plantation as a child. The Washingtons held about 300 slaves, who were expected to work hard. Washington's slaves were considered to have "highly developed skills" and were considered "valuable property". During the American Revolutionary War, Washington was interested in selling off his slaves, particularly single people (to avoid separating husbands and wives), because he was "desperately in need of money". Single African-Americans at Mount Vernon were aware that they could be sold at any time. Nine people were sold in 1779 and Washington had asked his cousin and overseer Lund Washington to check the market for good prices for the remaining single slaves.
During the American Revolutionary War, Lord Dunmore, governor of the Colony of Virginia issued a proclamation in 1775 that granted freedom to those who left their owners and joined the ranks of the British Army. Sir Henry Clinton, the British Commander-in-chief at New York, determined that the British were losing the war, and issued the Philipsburg Proclamation (1779) in which any black person who became loyal to the British would receive freedom, protection, and land.
At age 16, Deborah saw her opportunity to escape in April 1781 when the 14-gun British sloop-of-war HMS Savage arrived within a quarter of a mile from Mount Vernon as her crew sacked and burnt several plantations along the Potomac River. Leaving Mount Vernon was a leap of faith—that the British would honor their offer of freedom and that she would be able to acquire a job to support herself.
She and sixteen other enslaved people, all single, ran with her to board Savage. Lund Washington, a cousin of George Washington and an overseer on the plantation, tried to win the escaped slaves back by exchanging them for supplies. Savage's captain, Thomas Graves, took the provisions, but refused to return the slaves. Deborah survived a bout of illness, having acquired smallpox that left her face pock-marked and made her way to New York City, the headquarters for the British military during the war. Henry Squash, who also escaped enslavement, came to New York City and was sold by Capt. Huddleston of the Royal Artillery to Mr. Lynch. Henry and Deborah were married.
The war ended in 1783 and under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, the British were forbidden from "carrying away any Negroes, or other Property of the American Inhabitants". Sir Guy Carleton, who was responsible for the evacuation of British forces from the colonies, feared their treatment upon their return to their American enslavers. He refused to return the African-Americans, but offered monetary compensation for each runaway, which was accepted by George Washington. The Book of Negroes listed each black person who boarded a British ship in New York. Deborah was listed as having been about 20 years of age, married to Henry, and was believed to have escaped four years ago. She received her certificate of freedom from General Samuel Birch.
On April 27, 1783, Deborah and Henry boarded a ship named Polly for Port Roseway, Nova Scotia. She narrowly missed being returned to Mount Vernon when Washington wrote the following day to the commissioner of embarkation at New York to ask him to hold any of his slaves.
Deborah arrived at Port Rosey, but the Canadians were unequipped to manage a large influx of people. Many people initially lived in temporary housing – such as pit houses, tents, or huts. Although there was promise of land, most people did not receive land, and if they did it was often unsuitable to farm. If a black person had a skill, they took up a trade, but were not paid as much as white people. Those who did not have a trade became indentured servants and were treated like slaves. Slavery was legal in Nova Scotia at the time. Angered that blacks were paid less and therefore had more customers, a group of former white soldiers commenced Canada's first race riot in July 1784 when they destroyed the homes of 20 blacks in Port Rosey (now Shelburne). Many blacks died due to illness, poverty, starvation, and harsh winters. Able to freely worship, blacks found religion and spiritual songs to help them cope with their hardships.