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Delhi Metro
The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system that serves Delhi and the adjoining satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurugram, Ghaziabad, Noida, Bahadurgarh, and Ballabhgarh in the National Capital Region of India. The system consists of 10 colour-coded lines serving 257 stations, with a total length of 352.2 km (218.8 mi). It is India's largest and busiest metro rail system. The metro has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using broad-gauge and standard-gauge tracks. The metro makes over 4,300 trips daily.
Construction began in 1998, and the first elevated section (Shahdara to Tis Hazari) on the Red Line opened on 25 December 2002. The first underground section (Vishwa Vidyalaya – Kashmere Gate) on the Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004. The network was developed in phases. Phase I was completed by 2006, followed by Phase II in 2011. Phase III was mostly complete in 2021, except for a small extension of the Airport Line which opened in 2023. Work on Phase IV began on 30 December 2019.
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), a joint venture between the Government of India and Delhi, built and operates the Delhi Metro. The DMRC was certified by the United Nations in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to receive carbon credits for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, reducing annual carbon emission levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes.
The Delhi Metro has interchanges with the Rapid Metro Gurgaon (with a shared ticketing system) and Noida Metro. On 22 October 2019, DMRC took over operations of the financially troubled Rapid Metro Gurgaon. The Delhi Metro's annual ridership was 203.23 crore (2.03 billion) in 2023. The system also has interchanges with the Delhi-Meerut RRTS, India's fastest urban regional transit system.
The concept of mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a 1969 traffic and travel characteristics study in the city. Over the next several years, committees in a number of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction. In 1984, the Urban Arts Commission proposed the development of a multi-modal transport system which would build three underground mass rapid transit corridors and augmenting the city's suburban railway and road transport networks.
The city expanded significantly while technical studies and financing the project underway, doubling its population and increasing the number of vehicles five-fold between 1981 and 1998. Traffic congestion and pollution soared as an increasing number of commuters used private vehicles, and the existing bus system was unable to bear the load. A 1992 attempt to privatise the bus transport system compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes; this resulted in long waiting times, unreliable service, overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving which led to road accidents. The Government of India under Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda and the Government of Delhi set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Elattuvalapil Sreedharan its managing director. Mangu Singh succeeded Sreedharan as DMRC managing director on 31 December 2011.
When the project was originally approved by the Union Cabinet in September 1996, it had three corridors. In 1997, official development assistance loans from Japan were granted to finance and conduct the first phase of the system.
Construction of the Delhi Metro began on 1 October 1998. To avoid problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which witnessed substantial delays and ran 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was created as a special-purpose vehicle vested with autonomy and power to execute the large project which involved many technical complexities in a difficult urban environment within a limited time frame. Putting the central and state governments on an equal footing gave an unprecedented level of autonomy and freedom to the company, which had full powers to hire people, decide on tenders, and control funds. The DMRC hired the Hong Kong MTRC as a technical consultant on rapid-transit operation and construction techniques. Construction proceeded smoothly except for a major disagreement in 2000, when the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge. This decision led to an additional capital expenditure of ₹260 crore (US$31 million).
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Delhi Metro
The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system that serves Delhi and the adjoining satellite cities of Faridabad, Gurugram, Ghaziabad, Noida, Bahadurgarh, and Ballabhgarh in the National Capital Region of India. The system consists of 10 colour-coded lines serving 257 stations, with a total length of 352.2 km (218.8 mi). It is India's largest and busiest metro rail system. The metro has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using broad-gauge and standard-gauge tracks. The metro makes over 4,300 trips daily.
Construction began in 1998, and the first elevated section (Shahdara to Tis Hazari) on the Red Line opened on 25 December 2002. The first underground section (Vishwa Vidyalaya – Kashmere Gate) on the Yellow Line opened on 20 December 2004. The network was developed in phases. Phase I was completed by 2006, followed by Phase II in 2011. Phase III was mostly complete in 2021, except for a small extension of the Airport Line which opened in 2023. Work on Phase IV began on 30 December 2019.
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), a joint venture between the Government of India and Delhi, built and operates the Delhi Metro. The DMRC was certified by the United Nations in 2011 as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to receive carbon credits for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, reducing annual carbon emission levels in the city by 630,000 tonnes.
The Delhi Metro has interchanges with the Rapid Metro Gurgaon (with a shared ticketing system) and Noida Metro. On 22 October 2019, DMRC took over operations of the financially troubled Rapid Metro Gurgaon. The Delhi Metro's annual ridership was 203.23 crore (2.03 billion) in 2023. The system also has interchanges with the Delhi-Meerut RRTS, India's fastest urban regional transit system.
The concept of mass rapid transit for New Delhi first emerged from a 1969 traffic and travel characteristics study in the city. Over the next several years, committees in a number of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment, and governmental jurisdiction. In 1984, the Urban Arts Commission proposed the development of a multi-modal transport system which would build three underground mass rapid transit corridors and augmenting the city's suburban railway and road transport networks.
The city expanded significantly while technical studies and financing the project underway, doubling its population and increasing the number of vehicles five-fold between 1981 and 1998. Traffic congestion and pollution soared as an increasing number of commuters used private vehicles, and the existing bus system was unable to bear the load. A 1992 attempt to privatise the bus transport system compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes; this resulted in long waiting times, unreliable service, overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving which led to road accidents. The Government of India under Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda and the Government of Delhi set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Elattuvalapil Sreedharan its managing director. Mangu Singh succeeded Sreedharan as DMRC managing director on 31 December 2011.
When the project was originally approved by the Union Cabinet in September 1996, it had three corridors. In 1997, official development assistance loans from Japan were granted to finance and conduct the first phase of the system.
Construction of the Delhi Metro began on 1 October 1998. To avoid problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which witnessed substantial delays and ran 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was created as a special-purpose vehicle vested with autonomy and power to execute the large project which involved many technical complexities in a difficult urban environment within a limited time frame. Putting the central and state governments on an equal footing gave an unprecedented level of autonomy and freedom to the company, which had full powers to hire people, decide on tenders, and control funds. The DMRC hired the Hong Kong MTRC as a technical consultant on rapid-transit operation and construction techniques. Construction proceeded smoothly except for a major disagreement in 2000, when the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge. This decision led to an additional capital expenditure of ₹260 crore (US$31 million).