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Disaster draft
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
A disaster draft or contingency draft is a disaster recovery plan developed by professional sports leagues to rebuild a team's roster if many players are disabled or killed.
Special procedures
[edit]An affected team is expected to replace players using the minor leagues and by signing free agents.[1] Each league has established procedures to decide whether an accident is of sufficient scale to activate contingency plans to help rebuild an affected team's roster, typically involving a special draft.[citation needed]
Major League Baseball
[edit]Major League Baseball's disaster plan is covered in Rule 19 of The Official Professional Baseball Rules Book.[2] The plan is triggered by an event causing the death, dismemberment, or permanent disability of at least five players from a team's active, injured, or suspended roster during a season (including the playoffs), or at least six players during the off-season. Major League Baseball's commissioner will decide if the disabled club can continue play, in consultation with the MLB Players' Association and the club.
If the commissioner decides that the disabled club will continue to play, the commissioner may hold a Restocking Draft to allow the disabled club to select as many players as it lost, with the restriction that no more than one player can be selected from each team. Each of the non-disabled teams makes five players available for the draft taken from its active list (or if during the off-season, from its reserve list), composed of one pitcher, one catcher, one outfielder, one infielder, and one more player of any position, subject to adjustments by the commissioner based on the players lost by the disabled club. If a team has fewer than three eligible catchers, it does not have to provide a catcher to the draft. The non-disabled teams also are required to make available as many players with 60 or more days of Major League service time as of 31 August of the season preceding such draft as the number of such players lost by the disabled team.[2]: Section 19(b)(3)(A)(iii) Any player with no-trade rights with regards to the disabled team may not be made available unless the player waives the right.
If the commissioner decides that the disabled club cannot continue play, the commissioner will cancel the disabled club's season. The commissioner and Players' Association can also agree upon other appropriate relief for a disabled club. Major League Baseball's first expansion drafts of the early 1960s were based largely on the procedures first set out for the disaster draft.[citation needed]
National Basketball Association
[edit]The National Basketball Association (NBA) contingency plan activates if five or more players on a team "die or are dismembered".[1][3] A special "disaster draft" would be held in which other NBA teams could only protect five players,[3][4] so that quality sixth men would be available. No more than one player would be drafted from a team.[1]
National Football League
[edit]The National Football League (NFL)'s contingency plan provides for both a "near-disaster" and a "disaster".[1][3] A "near-disaster" is defined as fewer than 15 players on a team being disabled, and a "disaster" is 15 or more.[3][4]
No special draft would be held for a "near-disaster"; the team would instead get preferential rights on any waivers until the end of the season.[5][4] If a quarterback is among the fewer than 15 lost, the team would be able to draft up to two[1] quarterbacks from all NFL teams with three available. Each team would be able to protect two, and the drafted quarterbacks would return to their original teams in the following season.[5]
For a "disaster", the commissioner would determine whether to cancel the team's schedule for the season.[5] If the team's season is canceled, the team would have the first pick in the next regular draft;[3][5][4] a special draft would also be held in which each team would be able to protect 32 players. If not canceled, the "near-disaster" procedures would be used.[1][3][4]
National Hockey League
[edit]The National Hockey League (NHL) contingency plan activates if five or more players on a team "are killed or disabled."[1] When activated, this contingency plan requires an affected team to fill their roster with players from other teams up to a minimum of one goaltender and 14 skaters. After this threshold is reached, the affected team may either continue to select players from other teams or fill its remaining roster spots with call-ups from its minor league affiliates or newly signed free agents.
The affected team is first allowed to purchase the contracts of players from other NHL teams, paying with funds from a special insurance fund. At this stage, teams are not obligated to sell contracts to the affected team. If after these purchases its roster has fewer than one goaltender and 14 skaters, an emergency rehabilitation draft is held. In an emergency rehabilitation draft, each team is able to protect one goaltender and 10 skaters, and teams that lost players due to contract purchase are exempt. No team can lose more than one player in an emergency rehabilitation draft.[3][4][6]
Major League Soccer
[edit]Within its roster regulations, Major League Soccer has what it refers to as an "extreme hardship" provision, which can be used if "a team has less than 15 available players". However, this is a mechanism intended to be used on a "game-by-game basis", and any contingency plans that may exist for a disaster draft scenario are not public.[7]
Kontinental Hockey League
[edit]The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) contingency plan was implemented after the 2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash that killed the team's entire traveling roster. In the policy, each team makes three players eligible for the disaster draft, with the team that suffered the disaster being able to call up five players from its farm teams. There is no mention of a goaltender minimum for the draft, unlike the NFL disaster draft on quarterbacks or NHL disaster draft on goaltenders, or a mention of a team being able to surrender only one player, unlike other leagues, in the draft.[8] Until 2016, the afflicted team would have had have a spot in the draft lottery, thus guaranteeing that the team would have picked at least as high as 4th overall in the next KHL Junior Draft and it would also have been able to protect any player it wants for the next five entry drafts.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Eskenazi, Gerald. "The Plans No One Wants to Use." The New York Times, 22 May 1992.
- ^ a b The Official Professional Baseball Rules Book (PDF). New York City: Office of the Commissioner of Baseball. 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via mlbpa.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g Drehs, Wayne. "'God forbid it should ever be needed'." ESPN.com, 10 April 2001.
- ^ a b c d e f Mizell, Hubert (23 September 2001). "Several pro teams have airline disaster plans in place". The St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d O'Keeffe, Michael. "JUST PLANE SCARY Oklahoma State crash causes high anxiety Archived 6 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine." New York Daily News, 4 February 2001.
- ^ O'keeffe, Michael (29 November 2016). "How the MLB, NFL, NBA and NHL plan for disasters similar to Brazilian soccer team plane crash". New York Daily News. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
- ^ "2011 MLS Roster Rules | Major League Soccer". Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
- ^ Leonard, Peter (8 September 2011). "KHL delays games, but season will go on for Lokomotiv". National Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012.
Disaster draft
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
A disaster draft, also known as a contingency draft, is a rarely invoked emergency procedure in major professional sports leagues, including Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Basketball Association (NBA), designed to enable a team to quickly replenish its roster after a catastrophic event, such as a plane crash or other mass casualty, results in the death, dismemberment, or permanent disablement of multiple players.[1][2] These provisions aim to preserve league integrity and competitive balance by preventing a severely depleted team from forfeiting games or collapsing operationally, while ensuring affected players' contracts and benefits are handled equitably.[3]
Typically triggered when five or more active players are lost due to a common accident—though thresholds can vary slightly by league and season—the disaster draft grants the impacted team priority selection rights from unprotected players on other teams' rosters.[5] In MLB, under Rule 29 of the Major League Rules, a "disabled club" is declared if at least five players on the active, injured, or suspended lists (in-season) or six on the reserve list (off-season) are affected; the commissioner may then initiate a mourning period, postpone games, and conduct a restocking draft where the disabled club selects up to one player each from position-specific pools provided by the other 29 teams.[6] Selected players' contracts transfer fully, including salaries, and the process emphasizes confidentiality and physical fitness checks to facilitate rapid integration.[6]
In the NFL, the procedure activates for losses of five or more players and escalates for "near-disasters" (fewer than 15 disabled) or full disasters (15 or more), allowing the affected team to draft from a pool of nominated players while other teams protect a limited number, typically five per roster, to rebuild without undue competitive disadvantage.[1][2] The NBA follows a similar framework, where upon losing five or more players, the league holds a special draft permitting the team to select one player from each other franchise's unprotected list—often beyond the standard five protected players—prioritizing quality reserves like sixth men to restore viability.[1][2] Across all leagues, the commissioner or equivalent authority oversees activation within days of the event, with provisions for insurance coverage, additional draft picks, or waiver priorities to support long-term recovery, though such drafts have never been executed in major North American leagues due to the rarity of qualifying incidents.[3][6]
Overview
Definition
A disaster draft is a contingency mechanism established by professional sports leagues to enable a severely impacted team to rebuild its roster by selecting unprotected players from other teams following a catastrophic event that results in the loss of a significant number of active players. These events typically include plane crashes, natural disasters, or other tragedies causing death, dismemberment, or permanent disablement of multiple players, with activation thresholds varying across leagues but generally requiring the incapacitation of five or more players.[7][2][6] The process distinguishes itself from standard annual drafts, which are scheduled events for selecting new or amateur talent based on performance metrics or lottery systems, by operating as an ad hoc, emergency procedure designed for immediate roster restoration without ongoing competitive implications like pick order or future obligations. In a disaster draft, the affected team typically draws from a pool of eligible veterans or rostered players submitted by other teams, often with protections limited to a small number of core individuals, ensuring rapid replenishment while minimizing disruption to league parity. This one-time intervention prioritizes operational continuity over regular talent acquisition strategies.[7][2] Such drafts are invoked only upon official declaration by league commissioners or governing bodies, often in consultation with players' associations, to address the unique challenges of unforeseen mass casualties that render a team unable to compete effectively. The mechanism underscores a commitment to league resilience, allowing the affected franchise to field a viable squad without resorting to minor league promotions or free-agent signings alone, though exact selection rules adapt to the sport's roster dynamics.[6]Purpose and Rationale
The primary purpose of a disaster draft in professional sports leagues is to facilitate the rapid replenishment of a team's roster after a catastrophic event that causes the death, dismemberment, or permanent disablement of multiple players, thereby preventing the franchise from collapsing and ensuring the league's schedule remains intact while preserving competitive balance.[3][6] This mechanism acts as a form of insurance against the total loss of team value from a single incident, allowing the affected club to select unprotected players from other teams in a structured process that maintains overall league integrity.[5] From the leagues' perspective, disaster drafts safeguard business continuity by mitigating financial risks to the affected team and the broader organization, such as revenue losses from forfeited games or diminished fan engagement, while emphasizing player welfare through equitable recovery options rather than ad hoc solutions.[1] These policies underscore a commitment to operational stability, ensuring that no one tragedy disrupts the economic ecosystem of the sport or erodes public trust in its fairness.[8] Broader implications include enabling swift team reconstruction without triggering chaotic free agency bidding wars, as the draft incorporates safeguards like player protection lists to shield other clubs from excessive talent depletion and promote league-wide equity.[9] This approach balances the needs of the devastated franchise with the competitive rights of rivals, fostering sustained fan interest and long-term viability for the sport.[5]Historical Development
Origins in Sports Leagues
The concept of disaster drafts in professional sports emerged in the mid-20th century, driven by growing concerns over team travel safety as air travel became more common among athletes following World War II. In the 1940s and 1950s, several aviation incidents involving baseball players heightened awareness of the risks, including the 1956 plane crash that killed Baltimore Orioles catcher Tom Gastall and the tragic death of St. Louis Cardinals outfielder Charlie Peete in a separate crash that year in Venezuela. These events, combined with the broader adoption of commercial flights by teams—such as the New York Yankees regularizing air travel in 1946—prompted league officials to consider contingency measures to ensure operational continuity in roster-dependent sports like baseball and football.[10][11][12] Major League Baseball pioneered formal disaster draft policies, with the American League adopting an early contingency plan on January 29, 1947, in response to the vulnerabilities exposed by increasing reliance on airplanes. Under this initial framework, if a team suffered a catastrophic loss, surviving clubs would contribute 10 players from their 25-man rosters to a shared talent pool, allowing the affected team to rebuild quickly and maintain league stability. This approach was influenced by input from league commissioners and owners, who recognized the need for structured recovery mechanisms in an era when travel accidents could decimate a franchise's core roster. The plan reflected post-WWII advancements in sports insurance and broader contingency planning, emphasizing the preservation of competitive balance without disrupting the season.[12] By the early 1960s, MLB refined these measures, with the American League updating its policy in 1962 to include a more detailed drafting process from a pool of unprotected players. The National League followed suit on February 1, 1965, enacting its Emergency Crisis Rule, which permitted an affected team to select two or three replacement players from each other club to address disasters like plane crashes or other catastrophes. Codified as Rule 29 in MLB's official guidelines, this policy served as a model for other leagues, underscoring the league's leadership in addressing travel-related risks to safeguard the integrity of professional sports.[13]Evolution of Policies
The disaster draft policies in major sports leagues underwent significant refinements during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in the NBA and NFL, where updates incorporated provisions for dismemberment alongside death to address severe injuries from catastrophes. These changes built on foundational contingency plans established in the mid-20th century, expanding coverage to ensure roster rebuilding could account for partial team losses.[1] In the 1990s, as leagues grew through expansion and globalization, the NHL formalized its "Emergency Rehabilitation Plan," while emerging soccer leagues like Major League Soccer began adopting similar mechanisms to mitigate risks in an increasingly international landscape. These expansions reflected broader league structures, with policies tailored to roster sizes and competitive balances across sports.[1] The 2000s saw adaptations to encompass non-aviation disasters, such as natural events like earthquakes or floods, in revisions by the NBA and NFL, broadening the trigger conditions beyond transportation accidents to include any event disabling multiple players. By the 2010s, adjustments integrated salary cap considerations and player contract protections, allowing affected teams to acquire talent without immediate financial penalties under collective bargaining agreements, ensuring long-term viability.[2] Recent developments through 2025 have been incremental, with the KHL making minor tweaks post-2011 Lokomotiv crash discussions to emphasize international alignment, such as streamlined player transfers and eligibility pools, without overhauling core structures. These evolutions prioritize resilience while maintaining competitive integrity across leagues.[14]Procedures in Major Leagues
Major League Baseball
In Major League Baseball, the disaster draft process is governed by Rule 29 of the Major League Rules, which outlines a contingency plan for a "Disabled Club" resulting from a catastrophic event.[7] The rule defines a qualifying disaster as the death, dismemberment, or permanent disability from playing professional baseball of at least five players on a club's Active, Disabled, or Suspended Lists during the championship season (from opening day through postseason), or at least six players on the Major League Reserve List during the offseason (from postseason end to next opening day), caused by a common accident, epidemic illness, or similar event.[9] Upon such an event, the Commissioner of Baseball, in consultation with the Major League Baseball Players Association, determines whether the affected club can continue its season, considering factors like the timing of the incident, the club's standings, the club's preferences, and the overall integrity of the game; if continuation is deemed feasible, games may be rescheduled or adjusted accordingly, but the season could also be postponed or partially canceled during an initial mourning period.[7] If a restocking draft—also known as a Rule 29 draft—is authorized by the Commissioner to rebuild the Disabled Club's roster, each of the other 29 clubs must submit a list of five eligible players made available for selection, typically including one pitcher, one catcher, one infielder, one outfielder, and one additional player of any position, drawn from the active roster (for in-season events) or reserve list (for off-season events).[9] The Disabled Club then selects players up to the number lost in the disaster, limited to one per other club, prioritizing those who meet service time requirements similar to the lost players and ensuring positional balance where possible; the Commissioner may adjust positional quotas based on the specific needs arising from the losses.[5] Players with no-trade clauses or assignment consent rights are ineligible unless they waive them in writing prior to list submission, and all selected players must pass a physical examination within 48 hours, with unfit players returnable for replacement from the same or another club's list.[9] Upon selection, the full contracts of the chosen players are assigned directly to the Disabled Club's active or reserve list, transferring all rights and obligations without negotiation or compensation to the originating clubs, effectively enabling rapid roster reconstruction while maintaining competitive balance.[7] The process emphasizes confidentiality, with available player lists shared only with the Disabled Club and the Players Association, and non-selected names remaining privileged. The core elements of Rule 29, including the threshold triggers and restocking mechanism, have remained largely unchanged since its adoption in the mid-1960s, though it has never been invoked in Major League history.[9]National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association's disaster draft policy serves as a contingency mechanism to enable rapid roster reconstruction for a team suffering catastrophic losses. It is triggered specifically by the death or dismemberment of five or more players from the affected team's active roster, which typically consists of 15 players.[1][5] This threshold reflects the NBA's emphasis on maintaining competitive balance in a league where rosters are relatively small compared to other major sports, ensuring the policy addresses significant but not total decimation of a team's core playing group.[7] Under the policy, the affected team is permitted to select up to five replacement players through an emergency expansion-style draft from a pool comprising unprotected players across the league. Each of the other 29 teams may protect five players from their rosters, leaving experienced contributors available for selection to facilitate a swift rebuild suited to basketball's fast-paced, team-dependent nature.[15][16] The selections prioritize established talent, though specific eligibility criteria beyond active roster status are not publicly detailed in league documents. No financial or draft pick compensation is provided to teams losing players in the draft, underscoring the policy's focus on humanitarian recovery over equitable resource redistribution.[7] The disaster draft must occur promptly following the incident to minimize disruption to the season, though exact timelines are handled internally by the league office. This procedure, formulated in the 1980s amid broader discussions on league-wide emergency protocols, remains unchanged in its core elements, adapting only to roster size expansions over time.[1] By limiting protections and selections to five, the policy balances the need for immediate relief with protections for other franchises' key assets, preventing a complete overhaul that could undermine league parity.National Football League
The National Football League (NFL) maintains a contingency policy for disaster drafts to address catastrophic roster losses, specifically triggered by the death or season-ending disability of 15 or more players on a single team. This high threshold distinguishes the NFL's rules from those in other leagues, reflecting the sport's large roster sizes (53 active players plus practice squad) and the physical demands that make widespread decimation unlikely outside of extreme events. Upon such a loss, the NFL Commissioner evaluates the feasibility of continuing the team's season; if deemed unviable, the remaining games may be canceled, awarding the affected team the No. 1 overall pick in the following year's draft.[1][2] If the Commissioner determines the season can proceed, a special intra-league draft is conducted to restock the roster, allowing the affected team to select up to 15 unprotected players from other clubs. Each of the league's 32 teams may protect 15 players from their active rosters, leaving the remainder eligible; the affected team prioritizes selections based on positional needs, with a limit of one player per opposing team to ensure broad distribution. Selected players join the affected team's roster for the remainder of the season, with their full contracts—including salary and benefits—transferring intact, preserving competitive balance while minimizing financial disruption.[1][2] For scenarios involving fewer than 15 losses—termed a "near-disaster"—the policy permits more limited relief: the affected team is granted priority on all waiver claims for the rest of the season and may sign up to four free agents ahead of other teams. This provision underscores the NFL's emphasis on resilience amid the sport's injury risks. The overall framework, established in the 1970s amid concerns over air travel safety for teams, has been refined over time to clarify "season-ending" injuries but remains uninvoked due to its stringent criteria; complementary rules in the league's Collective Bargaining Agreement allow emergency elevations from practice squads (up to two per game) to address shorter-term roster gaps, such as during injury clusters or health crises.[1][17]National Hockey League
The National Hockey League (NHL) employs an Emergency Rehabilitation Plan, commonly referred to as a disaster draft, to enable rapid roster replenishment for a team severely impacted by death or permanent disability of multiple players, a measure necessitated by hockey's demanding schedule of domestic and international travel. The plan activates upon a determination by the NHL Commissioner that a disaster has occurred, specifically if the affected team is left with fewer than 14 players and one goaltender from its standard 23-man roster.[18][19] The restoration process begins with the affected team calling up unlimited players from its minor league affiliates, such as American Hockey League (AHL) or East Coast Hockey League (ECHL) squads, to immediately address shortages without external restrictions. If further reinforcements are required, the team may negotiate directly with other NHL clubs to acquire players under contract, with compensation funded by a dedicated league insurance pool that provides roughly $1 million per transaction. Only if these steps fail to fully rebuild the roster does the formal disaster draft commence, structured similarly to an NHL expansion draft for efficiency.[18][20] In the draft phase, each of the other 31 NHL teams protects 10 skaters and one goaltender, exposing the rest of their rosters for selection; the affected team then chooses up to seven unprotected players, limited to one per club, in reverse order of the prior season's standings to prioritize the most disadvantaged franchise. This mechanism ensures balanced distribution while minimizing disruption to league parity. The Commissioner maintains oversight throughout, enforcing rules to facilitate completion within approximately one week, allowing the team to resume play promptly.[18][20] Although the policy dates to at least the early 2000s, it underwent review following widespread discussions in the hockey community after the 2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash, underscoring risks tied to international operations; however, it has never been invoked in the NHL.[19][18]Major League Soccer
In Major League Soccer (MLS), the league addresses roster depletion due to catastrophic events, such as the death or severe injury of multiple players, through its "extreme hardship" provisions rather than a formal disaster draft akin to those in other North American leagues, as of 2025.[21] These rules allow teams to temporarily bolster their rosters when player unavailability—whether from injury, suspension, death, or other causes—threatens competitive viability, reflecting soccer's emphasis on global talent acquisition and rapid expansion. The policy supports the league's single-entity structure, where teams operate under centralized control to maintain parity, and has evolved since the league's founding in 1996 to accommodate international signings and roster flexibility during growth periods in the 2010s.[21][2] The trigger for extreme hardship activation occurs when a club has fewer than 16 available outfield players or fewer than two goalkeepers on its active roster, which typically holds up to 30 players (including up to 20 senior roster spots and 10 supplemental spots). In a disaster scenario involving the loss of five or more players, this threshold could be quickly met, enabling the commissioner to approve emergency signings to prevent the team from falling below match-day requirements (e.g., 18 players, including at least seven substitutes). This provision prioritizes competitive balance by allowing affected teams to continue participation without forfeiting games, integrating seamlessly with MLS's salary cap and allocation mechanisms.[21][22] Under extreme hardship, teams may sign players on short-term agreements (up to four days) loaned from their MLS Next Pro affiliates, USL Championship partners, or the league's emergency pools, without impacting the salary budget for these temporary additions. Protections are afforded to key assets like the five Designated Players (high-salary international stars exempt from the cap) and homegrown talents (academy products signed at subsidized rates), ensuring replacements do not disrupt these slots— for instance, a Designated Player lost to injury can be substituted with another maintaining the designation if salary parameters align. The selection order follows league standing for any priority claims on free agents or waivers, promoting fairness in a expansion-oriented league where new franchises often integrate via allocation drafts. Updates in the 2010s, such as expanded short-term loan options, were designed to handle international transfer complexities and roster strains from global scouting.[21][23][24]Kontinental Hockey League
The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), founded in 2008 as a premier professional ice hockey league spanning Russia, other former Soviet states, and parts of Europe and Asia, established a disaster draft mechanism to address catastrophic losses of team personnel. This procedure was formalized in response to major tragedies, enabling rapid roster reconstruction to maintain league competitiveness and operational continuity across its expansive Eurasian footprint. Unlike more domestically focused leagues, the KHL's approach emphasizes logistical coordination over vast distances, facilitating player transfers that account for international borders and time zones. The policy was refined following the September 7, 2011, plane crash involving Lokomotiv Yaroslavl, which killed 43 people including nearly all of the team's players and staff, leaving the club unable to field a roster for the 2011–12 season. Although the league's official regulations do not explicitly codify a universal trigger like a specific number of losses, the 2011 incident—resulting in the death of 25 players and key personnel—prompted immediate activation of the disaster draft for Lokomotiv's return in the 2012–13 season. KHL President Alexander Medvedev mandated the process, requiring commissioner-level approval to ensure equitable implementation and alignment with the league's post-Soviet collaborative structure. Under the procedure, each of the league's other teams is obligated to make three players available for selection by the affected club, creating a pool from which the team can choose to rebuild its roster. This selection prioritizes filling positional needs without formal protections for individual players, though teams typically offer mid-level or developmental talent to minimize competitive disruption. The process supports quick continental response by allowing loans and transfers across KHL franchises, with the affected team able to select up to the number needed to reach a standard 22-man active roster, supplemented by promotions from farm affiliates if necessary. In the 2011 case, this enabled Lokomotiv to acquire 11 players through the draft, aiding their swift return and eventual 2025 Gagarin Cup championship.Notable Incidents and Discussions
Past Tragedies Involving Teams
In the 1940s, several transportation accidents involving minor league baseball teams exposed the dangers of travel in professional sports, particularly in lower-tier competitions where resources for safe transit were limited. On June 24, 1946, a bus carrying 15 members of the Spokane Indians, a Class B Western International League team, plunged off a highway embankment near Snoqualmie Pass in Washington state, killing nine players and injuring the survivors; this remains the deadliest accident in the history of American professional baseball.[25] Similarly, on January 11, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 plane crashed into a mountain in the Dominican Republic, killing all 31 aboard, including the entire roster of the Santiago Baseball Club from the professional winter league; the accident was attributed to severe weather and pilot error during a diversion attempt.[26][27] These incidents, rooted in the era's reliance on rudimentary aviation and road transport, amplified concerns over player safety but occurred before formalized contingency plans like disaster drafts existed in major leagues. The 1950s saw European soccer confront similar perils through high-profile aviation tragedies that influenced global awareness of team travel risks. The most notable was the Munich air disaster on February 6, 1958, when a British European Airways Flight 609, chartered by Manchester United, crashed during takeoff from Munich-Riem Airport due to engine failure and icy conditions, killing 23 of the 44 aboard, including eight players from the club's "Busby Babes" squad.[28] This event devastated English football and prompted international discussions on safer air travel protocols for sports teams, though it predated structured disaster recovery mechanisms in most leagues. Such disasters highlighted aviation vulnerabilities tied to the post-World War II expansion of air travel for athletic competitions. Following the establishment of early disaster draft policies in major North American leagues during the late 20th century, subsequent near-misses in lower-tier competitions underscored ongoing hazards without activating full protocols. Between the 1970s and 1990s, multiple bus and train accidents plagued minor league and semi-professional teams, often due to fatigue from long road trips and inadequate safety standards, prompting localized safety audits.[29] A more severe example occurred in lower European and North American circuits, where road incidents like the December 30, 1986, bus rollover affecting the Swift Current Broncos junior ice hockey team in Saskatchewan, Canada, killed four (three players and the bus driver) and injured others, leading to temporary league-wide travel restrictions. These events, typically involving fewer than the threshold of five key players in major leagues, reinforced the need for vigilant oversight but were managed through standard roster adjustments rather than special drafts. The 2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl crash represented a post-policy catastrophe on a grand scale, yet it avoided triggering a comprehensive disaster draft. On September 7, a Yakovlev Yak-42D chartered for the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) team crashed shortly after takeoff from Tunoshna Airport near Yaroslavl, Russia, due to pilot error in applying brakes during acceleration; of the 45 aboard, 44 perished, including nearly the entire roster of 36 players and staff.[30][31] The KHL responded by suspending the season's opening, reallocating draft picks, and allowing the franchise to sign free agents and protected players from other teams under existing rules, effectively rebuilding without a formal expansion-style draft.[32] Another major international incident occurred on November 28, 2016, when LaMia Flight 2933, carrying the Brazilian soccer club Associação Chapecoense de Futebol to the Copa Sudamericana final in Colombia, crashed near Medellín due to fuel exhaustion; of the 77 aboard, 71 died, including 19 of the 22 players.[33] The team was awarded the title posthumously, and Brazilian and South American football authorities facilitated rebuilding through special registration windows, free agent signings, player loans from other clubs, and integration of youth academy members, bypassing standard transfer rules without invoking a formal disaster draft equivalent.[34] Collectively, these tragedies spurred policy reviews across leagues, emphasizing enhanced travel insurance, stricter aviation regulations, and contingency planning, but none met the precise criteria—such as losing five or more active major-league players—for activating a disaster draft in organizations like MLB or the NHL.[1] For instance, the Lokomotiv incident intensified KHL safety measures, including mandatory pilot certifications and airport upgrades, while highlighting how international leagues often adapt standard procedures to avoid the logistical complexities of a full draft.[35] In lower leagues, where incidents were more frequent but less roster-decimating, responses focused on immediate aid and minor reinforcements, gradually informing the evolution of robust, threshold-based policies in elite competitions.Hypothetical Scenarios and Media Coverage
Hypothetical scenarios involving disaster drafts often center on catastrophic events such as airplane crashes that decimate a team's roster, typically affecting 10 or more players and forcing league intervention to maintain competitive balance.[3] For instance, simulations in sports analysis explore how a mid-season aviation disaster could trigger rebuilding through protected player lists and special drafts, with leagues like the NBA activating protocols after five or more losses to ensure the affected team can select from other rosters while protecting key talent.[36] These scenarios underscore the aviation risks inherent to team travel, where a single incident could wipe out a significant portion of active players, prompting discussions on insurance, youth promotions, and temporary loans as interim measures.[3] Media coverage of disaster drafts has historically emphasized their improbable nature while highlighting the prudence of preparation. A 2001 ESPN article detailed contingency plans across major leagues, noting thresholds like five player deaths or dismemberments in MLB and NBA, and framing the policies as essential "God forbid" safeguards against unforeseen tragedies.[1] More recently, a 2023 Simple Flying feature examined aviation-specific risks to sports teams, referencing past crashes like the 2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl incident and outlining how disaster drafts would facilitate roster reconstruction in modern contexts, such as NFL's 15-player threshold for full activation.[3] Fan-driven online discussions in 2023 and 2024, particularly around NBA and NFL triggers, have amplified these topics through speculative threads debating activation criteria and team protections, often blending humor with contingency awareness.[36] The concept of disaster drafts has permeated cultural discussions in sports media up to 2025, appearing in podcasts that dissect league rules and their rarity, such as episodes exploring NBA activation scenarios as "worst-case" contingencies rarely invoked in professional history.[37] These talks, alongside fictional portrayals in sports simulations and analyses, reinforce the plans' role in broader contingency frameworks, stressing their design to preserve league integrity amid events statistically unlikely yet devastating, like those tied to air travel hazards.[3] Overall, such coverage portrays disaster drafts not as probable outcomes but as vital, low-profile mechanisms ensuring resilience in an unpredictable industry.[1]Comparisons Across Leagues
Key Similarities
Disaster draft policies across major professional sports leagues, including Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Soccer (MLS), and the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), share core mechanisms designed to facilitate rapid team reconstruction following catastrophic losses.[7][3] A fundamental universal feature is the allowance for each unaffected team to protect a limited number of key players—typically around five—creating a pool of unprotected talent from which the affected team can select to rebuild its roster.[7][5] This protection mechanism ensures that teams retain their most valuable assets while contributing to the collective effort to restore the stricken franchise, as seen in MLB's policy of shielding five players and the KHL's allowance for promoting five from affiliates alongside contributions from others.[9][3] Selections in these drafts occur exclusively from the designated unprotected pools, with the affected team gaining priority access to prevent prolonged disruption to league operations.[7][38] Commissioner or league oversight is a consistent element, empowering central authorities to administer the process, approve protections, and enforce rules to maintain fairness, such as in the NFL where the commissioner determines activation and draft order.[7][5] The rebuild occurs without financial compensation to contributing teams, emphasizing solidarity and the transfer of players under their existing full contracts to preserve salary cap integrity and player rights.[8][3] Shared triggers for activation center on mass casualties involving death or permanent injury resulting from disasters, such as accidents or illnesses affecting multiple players simultaneously.[7][38] These policies mandate swift implementation, often within days to weeks, to minimize schedule interruptions and enable the affected team to field a competitive roster promptly.[9][5] Overarching principles unify these frameworks in prioritizing the preservation of league-wide play continuity and competitive balance, ensuring no team gains undue advantage while allowing the sport to proceed without cancellation.[7][3] As of 2025, no disaster draft has ever been activated in any of these leagues, underscoring their role as precautionary measures rather than tested procedures.[38][5]Significant Differences
The significant differences in disaster draft policies across professional sports leagues lie in activation thresholds, procedural mechanics, and contextual tailoring to each sport's structure and risks. Thresholds for invoking a disaster draft vary substantially, reflecting roster sizes and perceived disaster scales. Major League Baseball (MLB) sets a relatively low bar at five players lost to death, dismemberment, or permanent disability during the season (six off-season), enabling swift intervention to sustain competition. In contrast, the National Football League (NFL) requires the loss of 15 or more players—often tied to season cancellation—for activation, accounting for its larger 53-player rosters and emphasis on catastrophic disruption. Hockey leagues diverge slightly: the National Hockey League (NHL) triggers at five players killed or disabled, while the KHL aligns closely with similar mass casualty events without a specified numeric threshold. These variances ensure policies scale to league-specific operational impacts without overreacting to minor losses.[7][3] Procedural differences highlight unique priorities in roster rebuilding. The NBA mandates protections for only five players per other team, allowing the affected franchise to claim experienced veterans from unprotected lists to restore immediate competitiveness, unlike the more position-focused NFL process where replacements target specific roles lost (e.g., quarterbacks or linemen) to maintain tactical balance. The KHL involves promoting five players from affiliates and conducting a draft from players offered by other teams. For MLS, procedures remain generally aligned with other leagues but are detailed in league-specific guidelines. The NHL first allows the affected team to purchase player contracts from others using insurance funds, resorting to a draft only if the roster falls critically low, with protections for one goaltender and ten skaters per team.[7][3][5] Contextual adaptations further distinguish policies by addressing sport-specific vulnerabilities. Soccer leagues like MLS prioritize global recruitment flexibility, contrasting football's (NFL) heavy focus on injury protocols given the sport's high contact rates and seasonal intensity. Roster dynamics amplify these: NBA and MLS's compact 15-30 player limits demand quicker replenishment than the NFL's expansive setup, while hockey's (NHL/KHL) frequent long-haul travel—often by air—influences policies toward aviation risk mitigation and emergency call-ups from affiliates.References
- http://www.[espn.com](/page/ESPN.com)/gen/s/2001/0328/1163463.html