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Discrimination against transgender men
Discrimination against transgender men and transmasculine individuals is sometimes referred to as anti-transmasculinity, transandrophobia, or transmisandry.
The discrimination experienced by transgender men has been described using various words, but none have seen widespread use. Terms used include anti-transmasculinity and transandrophobia. The rare term transmisandry is also used, though much less frequently than the term for prejudice against trans women, transmisogyny.
Julia Serano, who coined transmisogyny in 2007, commented in 2021 that "misogyny may intersect with transphobia in different ways" for transgender men as opposed to transgender women, which "doesn't necessarily make transmisogyny 'wrong'; it may simply mean that we need additional language."[self-published source]
Transgender men historically did not enjoy much visibility due to lack of awareness that female-to-male transition existed. Historian Susan Stryker notes that though Reed Erickson, a wealthy trans man, funded much of the inchoate, "often-confusing maze" of medical providers in the United States treating trans people, they tended not to be focused on the needs of trans men in practice. In 1968, Mario Martino founded Labyrinth, the first counselling organization exclusively concerned with the care of trans men, to help other trans men navigate the process of medical and social transition through these providers.
Transgender men and transmasculine people are at a high risk for sexual assault, sexual violence and rape. The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that 51% of trans men reported being sexually assaulted at least once in their lives. Despite transgender men and transmasculine people's high rates of sexual assault, many rape and sexual assault crisis centres are not open to men, cis or trans, leading to transmasculine people being put at risk of not having any resources after a sexually motivated crime.
In 2023, the ARC Readiness Assessment of providers in New Zealand found that only 29% of those surveyed knew of safe sexual assault recovery/family violence services to refer trans men to, whereas 37% knew safe sources for trans women and 44% knew safe sources for non-binary people. The ARC Readiness report also stated that this knowledge of safe services was "not based on training or knowledge about safety of services for transgender or intersex people." In 2019 (conducted in 2018), Counting Ourselves, an anonymous health survey of transgender males in Aotearoa reported that 16% of participants had been verbally harassed in public bathrooms. 29% of trans men and boys have been told or asked if they were using the wrong bathroom, which includes 42% of younger trans men. 49% have avoided using public bathrooms. Since the age of thirteen, 50% of surveyed trans men have experienced attempted rape, and 33% were made to have sex against their will. In 2025 (conducted in 2022), the same survey found that 56% of transgender men and boys in Aotearoa have been told or asked if they were using the wrong bathroom. 53% were found to have avoided going to the bathroom because of fear of having problems stemming from their trans identities. 40% have been forced, or have experienced an attempt to be forced, to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to.
Transgender men's experience of misgendering—being referred to or categorised with a gender they do not identify with—may vary from receiving verbal insults to experiencing physical assault. Increased rates of misgendering are positively associated with psychological distress among transgender people, including gender dysphoria and anxiety. A 2009 study of transgender men in the San Francisco Bay Area interviewed nineteen trans men on their experiences post-transition. The study reported that nearly all interviewees "claimed that their fear of violence or harassment stemmed from the worry that other men would react violently if they judged the interviewees' masculine practices as effeminate or not appropriately masculine". Even when others generally read them as male, trans men interviewed reported a need to defend their masculinity or carefully avoid conflict to prevent violence from male peers after transition.
Trans men and transmasculine people of colour face a unique discrimination as a result of their race, gender and transgender status intersecting. An interviewee for the project To Survive on this Shore discusses racism against black trans men:
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Discrimination against transgender men
Discrimination against transgender men and transmasculine individuals is sometimes referred to as anti-transmasculinity, transandrophobia, or transmisandry.
The discrimination experienced by transgender men has been described using various words, but none have seen widespread use. Terms used include anti-transmasculinity and transandrophobia. The rare term transmisandry is also used, though much less frequently than the term for prejudice against trans women, transmisogyny.
Julia Serano, who coined transmisogyny in 2007, commented in 2021 that "misogyny may intersect with transphobia in different ways" for transgender men as opposed to transgender women, which "doesn't necessarily make transmisogyny 'wrong'; it may simply mean that we need additional language."[self-published source]
Transgender men historically did not enjoy much visibility due to lack of awareness that female-to-male transition existed. Historian Susan Stryker notes that though Reed Erickson, a wealthy trans man, funded much of the inchoate, "often-confusing maze" of medical providers in the United States treating trans people, they tended not to be focused on the needs of trans men in practice. In 1968, Mario Martino founded Labyrinth, the first counselling organization exclusively concerned with the care of trans men, to help other trans men navigate the process of medical and social transition through these providers.
Transgender men and transmasculine people are at a high risk for sexual assault, sexual violence and rape. The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that 51% of trans men reported being sexually assaulted at least once in their lives. Despite transgender men and transmasculine people's high rates of sexual assault, many rape and sexual assault crisis centres are not open to men, cis or trans, leading to transmasculine people being put at risk of not having any resources after a sexually motivated crime.
In 2023, the ARC Readiness Assessment of providers in New Zealand found that only 29% of those surveyed knew of safe sexual assault recovery/family violence services to refer trans men to, whereas 37% knew safe sources for trans women and 44% knew safe sources for non-binary people. The ARC Readiness report also stated that this knowledge of safe services was "not based on training or knowledge about safety of services for transgender or intersex people." In 2019 (conducted in 2018), Counting Ourselves, an anonymous health survey of transgender males in Aotearoa reported that 16% of participants had been verbally harassed in public bathrooms. 29% of trans men and boys have been told or asked if they were using the wrong bathroom, which includes 42% of younger trans men. 49% have avoided using public bathrooms. Since the age of thirteen, 50% of surveyed trans men have experienced attempted rape, and 33% were made to have sex against their will. In 2025 (conducted in 2022), the same survey found that 56% of transgender men and boys in Aotearoa have been told or asked if they were using the wrong bathroom. 53% were found to have avoided going to the bathroom because of fear of having problems stemming from their trans identities. 40% have been forced, or have experienced an attempt to be forced, to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to.
Transgender men's experience of misgendering—being referred to or categorised with a gender they do not identify with—may vary from receiving verbal insults to experiencing physical assault. Increased rates of misgendering are positively associated with psychological distress among transgender people, including gender dysphoria and anxiety. A 2009 study of transgender men in the San Francisco Bay Area interviewed nineteen trans men on their experiences post-transition. The study reported that nearly all interviewees "claimed that their fear of violence or harassment stemmed from the worry that other men would react violently if they judged the interviewees' masculine practices as effeminate or not appropriately masculine". Even when others generally read them as male, trans men interviewed reported a need to defend their masculinity or carefully avoid conflict to prevent violence from male peers after transition.
Trans men and transmasculine people of colour face a unique discrimination as a result of their race, gender and transgender status intersecting. An interviewee for the project To Survive on this Shore discusses racism against black trans men: