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Dnieper rapids
The Dnieper rapids (Ukrainian: Дніпрові пороги, romanized: Dniprovi porohy) also known as cataracts of the Dnieper, were the historical rapids on the Dnieper river in Ukraine, caused by outcrops of granites, gneisses and other types of bedrock of the Ukrainian Shield. The rapids began below the present-day city of Dnipro (formerly Kodak Fortress, Yekaterinoslav), where the river turns to the south, and dropped 50 meters in 66 kilometers, ending before the present-day city of Zaporizhzhia (whose name literally means "beyond the rapids").
There were nine major rapids (some sources give a smaller number), about 30–40 smaller rapids and 60 islands and islets. The rapids almost totally obstructed the navigation of the river.
After the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station was built at Zaporizhzhia in 1932, the rapids were inundated by the Dnieper Reservoir.
The Dnieper rapids were part of the route from the Varangians to the Greeks first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle.[failed verification] The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century.[citation needed] On the Dnieper the travelers had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.[citation needed]
The rapids were mentioned in Emperor Constantine VII's work De Administrando Imperio[page needed] and in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.[citation needed]
In his Description of Ukraine (1651, 1660), French military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan lamented how the rapids of the Borysthenes (the ancient Greco-Roman name for the Dnipro, which persisted in early modern Western Europe) severely limited the export potential of agricultural produce from Ukraine to Constantinople and beyond (here in the 1704 English translation):
"The Land [of Ukraine] is so fruitful, it often produces such plenty of Corn, they know not what to do with it, because they have no navigable Rivers that fall into the Sea, except the Boristhenes, which is not navigable 50 Leagues below Kiow, or Kiovia, by reason of 13 Falls on it, the last of which is seven Leagues distant from the first, which makes a good days Journey, as may be seen in the Map. This it is that hinders them carrying their Corn to Constantinople (...)."
In Ukrainian tradition, there were 9 major rapids (given in the direction of the river flow as shown in the picture on the right):
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Dnieper rapids
The Dnieper rapids (Ukrainian: Дніпрові пороги, romanized: Dniprovi porohy) also known as cataracts of the Dnieper, were the historical rapids on the Dnieper river in Ukraine, caused by outcrops of granites, gneisses and other types of bedrock of the Ukrainian Shield. The rapids began below the present-day city of Dnipro (formerly Kodak Fortress, Yekaterinoslav), where the river turns to the south, and dropped 50 meters in 66 kilometers, ending before the present-day city of Zaporizhzhia (whose name literally means "beyond the rapids").
There were nine major rapids (some sources give a smaller number), about 30–40 smaller rapids and 60 islands and islets. The rapids almost totally obstructed the navigation of the river.
After the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station was built at Zaporizhzhia in 1932, the rapids were inundated by the Dnieper Reservoir.
The Dnieper rapids were part of the route from the Varangians to the Greeks first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle.[failed verification] The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century.[citation needed] On the Dnieper the travelers had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.[citation needed]
The rapids were mentioned in Emperor Constantine VII's work De Administrando Imperio[page needed] and in The Tale of Igor's Campaign.[citation needed]
In his Description of Ukraine (1651, 1660), French military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan lamented how the rapids of the Borysthenes (the ancient Greco-Roman name for the Dnipro, which persisted in early modern Western Europe) severely limited the export potential of agricultural produce from Ukraine to Constantinople and beyond (here in the 1704 English translation):
"The Land [of Ukraine] is so fruitful, it often produces such plenty of Corn, they know not what to do with it, because they have no navigable Rivers that fall into the Sea, except the Boristhenes, which is not navigable 50 Leagues below Kiow, or Kiovia, by reason of 13 Falls on it, the last of which is seven Leagues distant from the first, which makes a good days Journey, as may be seen in the Map. This it is that hinders them carrying their Corn to Constantinople (...)."
In Ukrainian tradition, there were 9 major rapids (given in the direction of the river flow as shown in the picture on the right):