Edward Payson Evans

Edward Payson Evans (December 8, 1831 – March 6, 1917) was an American scholar, linguist, educator, and writer. He wrote on topics including philology, ethics, and the human–animal relationship. After graduating from the University of Michigan in 1854, he taught in the United States and later studied in Europe, focusing on German literature and oriental languages.

Evans authored several books and articles on literary and ethical subjects. His 1897 work, Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology, examined the ethical implications of evolutionary theory in relation to non-human animals. He is best known for The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals (1906), a historical survey of animal trials in Europe. His work has been cited in discussions of early animal ethics and the application of evolutionary theory to moral philosophy.

Evans was born in Remsen, New York, in 1831. His father was the Reverend Evan Evans, a Welsh Presbyterian clergyman. Evans earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Michigan in 1854. He then taught at an academy in Hernando, Mississippi, in 1855, before becoming a professor at Carroll University (then Carroll College) in Waukesha, Wisconsin from 1856 to 1857.

From 1858 to 1862, he traveled abroad, studying at the universities of Göttingen, Berlin and Munich. On his return to the United States, he became professor of modern languages at the University of Michigan. In 1868, he married Elizabeth Edson Gibson, and in 1870, Evans resigned his position at Michigan to travel abroad again, where he gathered materials for a history of German literature, and made a specialty of studying oriental languages.

While living in Munich, he became a fixture at the Royal Library of Munich, and joined the staff of the political journal Allgemeine Zeitung in 1884. Evans' wife died in 1911 and when the First World War broke out in 1914, he returned to the United States, where he lived in Cambridge, Massachusetts and New York City.

Evans died at his home in New York City, on March 6, 1917.

Evans' 1906 book The Criminal Prosecution and Capital Punishment of Animals, is considered to be the seminal work on the topic of animal trials. In recent years the book has been the subject of several critiques.

Environmental historian Roderick Nash argues that both Evans and J. Howard Moore, "deserve more recognition than they have received as the first professional philosophers in the United States to look beyond anthropocentrism." Bernard E. Rollin has cited Evans' 1907 book Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology as an example of contemporaries of Darwin who used his theory of evolution to advocate for the ethical treatment of animals.