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Elfriede Paul
Elfriede Paul (14 January 1900 – 30 August 1981) was a German physician and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. Paul, a small and energetic woman, was a communist member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Abwehr. Paul was one of the few members of the Red Orchestra Group to survive imprisonment at the hands of the Gestapo. After the war, she was responsible for drafting health policies for the German Democratic Republic.
Elfriede Paul came from a petite bourgeoisie family background and was the daughter of a lithographer. Between 1905 and 1915, she attended middle school in Görlitz and later Harburg. A visit to her father in the infirmary, who had been wounded during the war, and the lack of food during the last years of World War I, led her to contemplate the meaning of war.
Planning to be a fine artist while at school, she was inspired by the anthroposophical ideas of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner, but determined that she was unlikely to be successful, and would prefer to be an ordinary teacher rather than a mediocre artist.
After attending the lyceum in Harburg for a year, Paul started a teacher training course in 1917. She attended the monastery of St. Johannis in Hamburg and completed the First State Examination of teachers in 1921. In 1919, Paul joined the Free German Youth and, unsatisfied with the organization, joined the German Monist League. Due to urging from her childhood sweetheart, she became a communist and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1921. Paul found that the Communist Party had the emotional intellect that she had been looking for.
While working as a teacher in Hamburg, she started a medical degree in 1926. In 1930 and 1931, Paul worked in Vienna. Later she passed the Staatsexamen in Berlin and completed her degree in 1933. Between 1934 and 1936, Paul completed two years of general postgraduate medical training and then obtained a position at the Institute of Hygiene at the Humboldt University of Berlin to study.
In 1936, she was promoted to D.Phil with a thesis titled Die Beeinflussung der Menstruation durch das Landjahr (The Influence of Menstruation by the Land Year). In 1954, she completed her habilitation with a thesis titled Ursachen und Dauer der Arbeitsunfähigkeit bei der Frau (Causes and Duration of Incapacity for Women).
In July 1933, Paul received a tip that her house was going to be searched for banned literature. The Sturmabteilung officers arrived at 06:30, but found nothing. Paul left a copy of the Volkischer Beobachter on her desk to assuage their suspicions.
In 1934, Paul received her license to be a doctor. Between 1934 and 1937, Paul worked part time in the Municipal Office of Greater Berlin as a school doctor for infants. At the same time, she was an unpaid assistant in the Hygiene Institute of the University of Berlin.
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Elfriede Paul
Elfriede Paul (14 January 1900 – 30 August 1981) was a German physician and resistance fighter against the Nazi regime. Paul, a small and energetic woman, was a communist member of the anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Abwehr. Paul was one of the few members of the Red Orchestra Group to survive imprisonment at the hands of the Gestapo. After the war, she was responsible for drafting health policies for the German Democratic Republic.
Elfriede Paul came from a petite bourgeoisie family background and was the daughter of a lithographer. Between 1905 and 1915, she attended middle school in Görlitz and later Harburg. A visit to her father in the infirmary, who had been wounded during the war, and the lack of food during the last years of World War I, led her to contemplate the meaning of war.
Planning to be a fine artist while at school, she was inspired by the anthroposophical ideas of the Austrian philosopher Rudolf Steiner, but determined that she was unlikely to be successful, and would prefer to be an ordinary teacher rather than a mediocre artist.
After attending the lyceum in Harburg for a year, Paul started a teacher training course in 1917. She attended the monastery of St. Johannis in Hamburg and completed the First State Examination of teachers in 1921. In 1919, Paul joined the Free German Youth and, unsatisfied with the organization, joined the German Monist League. Due to urging from her childhood sweetheart, she became a communist and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1921. Paul found that the Communist Party had the emotional intellect that she had been looking for.
While working as a teacher in Hamburg, she started a medical degree in 1926. In 1930 and 1931, Paul worked in Vienna. Later she passed the Staatsexamen in Berlin and completed her degree in 1933. Between 1934 and 1936, Paul completed two years of general postgraduate medical training and then obtained a position at the Institute of Hygiene at the Humboldt University of Berlin to study.
In 1936, she was promoted to D.Phil with a thesis titled Die Beeinflussung der Menstruation durch das Landjahr (The Influence of Menstruation by the Land Year). In 1954, she completed her habilitation with a thesis titled Ursachen und Dauer der Arbeitsunfähigkeit bei der Frau (Causes and Duration of Incapacity for Women).
In July 1933, Paul received a tip that her house was going to be searched for banned literature. The Sturmabteilung officers arrived at 06:30, but found nothing. Paul left a copy of the Volkischer Beobachter on her desk to assuage their suspicions.
In 1934, Paul received her license to be a doctor. Between 1934 and 1937, Paul worked part time in the Municipal Office of Greater Berlin as a school doctor for infants. At the same time, she was an unpaid assistant in the Hygiene Institute of the University of Berlin.