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Emar
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Emar
Emar (Akkadian: 𒂍𒈥, É-mar), is an archaeological site at Tell Meskene in the Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria. It sits in the great bend of the mid-Euphrates, now on the shoreline of the man-made Lake Assad near the town of Maskanah.
It has been the source of many cuneiform tablets, making it rank with Ugarit, Mari and Ebla among the most important archaeological sites of Syria. In these texts, dating from the 14th century BC to the fall of Emar in 1187 BC, and in excavations in several campaigns since the 1970s, Emar emerges as an important Bronze Age trade center, occupying a liminal position between the power centers of Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia–Syria. Unlike other cities, the tablets preserved at Emar, most of them in Akkadian and of the thirteenth century BC, are not royal or official, but record private transactions, judicial records, dealings in real estate, marriages, last wills, formal adoptions. In the house of a priest, a library contained literary and lexical texts in the Mesopotamian tradition, and ritual texts for local cults. The area of Emar was fortified by the Romans, Byzantines, and medieval Arabs as Barbalissos or Balis but that location is slightly removed from the more ancient tell and is dealt with in its separate article.
Emar was strategically sited as a trans-shipping point where trade on the Euphrates was reloaded for shipping by overland route.
In the middle of the third millennium BC Emar came under the influence of the rulers of Ebla; the city is mentioned in archives at Ebla.
MB IIA. In Mari texts of the eighteenth century BC, (Middle Bronze Age), Emar was under the influence of the neighboring Amorite state of Yamhad. There was no local tradition of kingship at Emar.
During the reign of Yarim-Lim of Aleppo the trade routes of the Great Kingdom of Yamhad peaked with trade coming from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the port of Emar on the Euphrates in the east. At the same time Qatna and the Palmyra trade route to Mari declined in importance.
After the Kingdom of Mari ruled by Zimri-Lim was destroyed by Hammurabi of Babylon around 1763 BCE, and a new polity arose at Terqa as the capital of the Kingdom of Khana to the immediate east of Emar. However, trade was significantly weakened after this with the loss of Mari and the death of Hammurabi around 1750 BCE.
MB IIB. Around 1600 BCE, the Great Kingdom of Yamhad at Aleppo fell to constant attacks by Hattusili I and Mursili I of Hatti. This marked the end of MB IIB in the Northern Levant, transitioning to the Late Bronze Age.
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Emar
Emar (Akkadian: 𒂍𒈥, É-mar), is an archaeological site at Tell Meskene in the Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria. It sits in the great bend of the mid-Euphrates, now on the shoreline of the man-made Lake Assad near the town of Maskanah.
It has been the source of many cuneiform tablets, making it rank with Ugarit, Mari and Ebla among the most important archaeological sites of Syria. In these texts, dating from the 14th century BC to the fall of Emar in 1187 BC, and in excavations in several campaigns since the 1970s, Emar emerges as an important Bronze Age trade center, occupying a liminal position between the power centers of Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia–Syria. Unlike other cities, the tablets preserved at Emar, most of them in Akkadian and of the thirteenth century BC, are not royal or official, but record private transactions, judicial records, dealings in real estate, marriages, last wills, formal adoptions. In the house of a priest, a library contained literary and lexical texts in the Mesopotamian tradition, and ritual texts for local cults. The area of Emar was fortified by the Romans, Byzantines, and medieval Arabs as Barbalissos or Balis but that location is slightly removed from the more ancient tell and is dealt with in its separate article.
Emar was strategically sited as a trans-shipping point where trade on the Euphrates was reloaded for shipping by overland route.
In the middle of the third millennium BC Emar came under the influence of the rulers of Ebla; the city is mentioned in archives at Ebla.
MB IIA. In Mari texts of the eighteenth century BC, (Middle Bronze Age), Emar was under the influence of the neighboring Amorite state of Yamhad. There was no local tradition of kingship at Emar.
During the reign of Yarim-Lim of Aleppo the trade routes of the Great Kingdom of Yamhad peaked with trade coming from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the port of Emar on the Euphrates in the east. At the same time Qatna and the Palmyra trade route to Mari declined in importance.
After the Kingdom of Mari ruled by Zimri-Lim was destroyed by Hammurabi of Babylon around 1763 BCE, and a new polity arose at Terqa as the capital of the Kingdom of Khana to the immediate east of Emar. However, trade was significantly weakened after this with the loss of Mari and the death of Hammurabi around 1750 BCE.
MB IIB. Around 1600 BCE, the Great Kingdom of Yamhad at Aleppo fell to constant attacks by Hattusili I and Mursili I of Hatti. This marked the end of MB IIB in the Northern Levant, transitioning to the Late Bronze Age.
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