The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis), also called commonly the European pond terrapin and the European pond tortoise, is a species of long-living freshwater turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the Western Palearctic.

The following 14 subspecies are recognized as being valid.

A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Emys.

The subspecific name eiselti is in honor of Viennese herpetologist Josef Eiselt (1912–2001).

The subspecific name fritzjuergenobsti is in honor of German herpetologist Fritz Jürgen Obst (1939–2018).

The subspecific name lanzai is in honor of Italian herpetologist Benedetto Lanza.

E. orbicularis is found in southern, central, and eastern Europe, West Asia and parts of Mediterranean North Africa. In France, there are six remaining populations of significant size; however, they appear to be in decline. This turtle species is the most endangered reptile of the country. In Switzerland, the European pond turtle was extinct at the beginning of the twentieth century but reintroduced in 2010. In the early post-glacial period, the European pond turtle had a much wider distribution, being found as far north as southern Sweden and Great Britain, where a reintroduction has been proposed by the Staffordshire-based Celtic Reptile & Amphibian, a group specialising in the care, research, and rehabilitation of native European and British herpetiles. A trial reintroduction has been initiated, restoring the species back to its Holocene-native East Anglian Fens, Brecks and Broads. In 2004, the European pond turtle was found in the Setomaa region of Estonia.

Fossil evidence shows that E. orbicularis and Testudo hermanni were both present in Sardinia during the Pleistocene, but molecular evidence suggests the extant populations of both species on the island were introduced in modern times.