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Eurynomos (daemon)
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In Greek mythology, Eurynomos (/jʊəˈrɪnəməs/; Greek Εὐρύνομος; Latin Eurynomus) was the netherworld daimon King of corpses .[1] Eurynomos is a lesser known about figure whose associated literature is lost to time tho once known as a extremely powerful demon , The sole piece of evidence concerning him comes from Pausanias,[2] in his description of a painting of Hades by Polygnotos at Delphoi, Phocis:
Eurynomos, said by the Delphian guides to be one of equal standing with Hades potentially stronger , who occasionally eats corpses, leaving only their bones. But Homer's Odyssey, the poem called the Minyad, and the Returns, although they tell of Hades and its horrors, know of no daimon called Eurynomos. However, I will describe what he is like and his attitude in the painting. He is of a colour wine red , like that of red wine ; he is showing his teeth and is seated, and under him is spread a vulture's skin.[3]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Eurynomus"
- ^ RE, s.v. Eurynomos (1).
- ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece, 10.28.7
References
[edit]- Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
- Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Further reading
[edit]- Miriam Van Scott, The Encyclopedia of Hell
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Eurynomos (daemon)
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Name and Etymology
Name Meaning
The name Eurynomos (Ancient Greek: Εὐρύνομος) derives from the Greek prefix eury- (εὐρύς), meaning "wide" or "broad," combined with nomos (νόμος). Interpretations of nomos include "ruling," "law," or "custom," yielding a translation of "wide-ruling" or "master of the broad realm," or alternatively "pasture" or "field," suggesting "wide-pastured."[2][3] This etymology reflects the linguistic roots in classical Greek nomenclature for daimones associated with expansive domains.[3] In the context of Greek mythology, the name's significance likely alludes to Eurynomos' perceived dominion over the vast underworld or the broad, inexorable process of decay that consumes the remains of the dead, emphasizing his role as a sovereign figure in the realm of putrefaction.[2] Such interpretive connections underscore how ancient names often encoded thematic attributes tied to a deity's or daimon's function.[2]Linguistic Variations
The name Eurynomos originates from Ancient Greek as Εὐρύνομος (Eὐrýnomos), as attested in Pausanias' Description of Greece.[4] In Latin transliterations of Greek mythological texts, it appears as Eurynomus.[5] The modern English pronunciation is /jʊəˈrɪnəməs/, following standard conventions for rendering Ancient Greek proper names.[6] In ancient sources, the name shows consistency with minimal variations; it is primarily documented in Pausanias' second-century AD work, where the form Εὐρύνομος is used without alteration, and it does not appear in earlier texts like Homer's epics.[4] No significant phonetic shifts are recorded across regional Greek dialects, likely due to the figure's obscurity outside Delphic traditions.[2] This uniformity aligns with the name's etymological roots in "wide-ruling," briefly linking to broader concepts of dominion.[2]Physical Description
Appearance in Sources
The primary textual description of Eurynomos appears in Pausanias' Description of Greece, where he details the daimon's portrayal in a famous painting by Polygnotus at Delphi. Pausanias notes that Eurynomos is shown with a dark-blue complexion between blue and black, akin to the hue of meat flies, while baring his sharp teeth in a seated posture, with a vulture's skin spread beneath him.[7] This account, from the 2nd century CE, presents Eurynomos in a humanoid yet monstrous form, emphasizing grotesque features that align with his underworld nature.[2] The comparison to meat flies underscores a skin tone evoking putrefaction, while the exposed teeth suggest a predatory, flesh-baring menace, and the vulture skin implies associations with scavenging avians. No other ancient sources provide comparable physical details, rendering Pausanias' observation the seminal reference for Eurynomos' daemon-like visage.[7]Symbolic Associations
Eurynomos' depiction seated upon a vulture's skin prominently symbolizes scavenging, as the bird's hide evokes the harsh exposure of bare bones amid the desolation of death.[1] This emblem underscores his ties to predatory birds that strip away outer layers, representing the inexorable unveiling of mortality's core.[2] His blue-black skin, likened to that of meat flies, associates him with insects drawn to decaying matter, emblematic of the rapid transformative forces that break down organic forms.[1] These flies, as carrion indicators, highlight Eurynomos' connection to the initial stages of dissolution, where life yields swiftly to elemental processes.[2] The daemon's bared teeth in artistic representations symbolize the primal, voracious aspect of underworld predation, evoking the raw mechanics of stripping and the grotesque intimacy with perishability.[1] This feature intensifies his embodiment of the harrowing, unyielding grip of decay's agents.[2]Role in the Underworld
Flesh-Devouring Function
Eurynomos was a daimon of the underworld who devoured the flesh of corpses, stripping them down to bare bones.[2] This role is known solely from Pausanias's description of a painting by Polygnotus at Delphi, with no attestation in earlier epic traditions.[1] As a netherworld daimon, Eurynomos consumed the soft tissues of rotting bodies, associating him with carrion-feeding in Hades.[2] His depiction with bared teeth suggests capability for this task.[1] This flesh-eating function linked him to processes of decay, akin to natural scavengers but in a supernatural context.[2]Relation to Decay
Eurynomos embodied the corruption of mortal remains in the underworld, consuming the flesh of the deceased down to the bones and highlighting the dissolution of the physical form after death.[2] His skin, colored between blue and black like that of meat flies, and the vulture's skin spread beneath him, evoked themes of putrefaction and carrion.[1] Pausanias identifies him as one of the daimones of Hades.[1]Ancient Sources
Pausanias' Account
The geographer Pausanias provides the only surviving ancient textual reference to Eurynomos in his Description of Greece, composed in the 2nd century CE. In Book 10, Chapter 28, Section 7, Pausanias describes a large-scale painting by the 5th-century BCE artist Polygnotus of Thasos, located on a wall in the Cnidian Lesche (clubhouse) at Delphi. This artwork, now lost, depicted scenes from the underworld, including figures from Homer's Odyssey, and Pausanias' account serves as an eyewitness record of its contents based on his visit to the site.[8] Within this painting, Eurynomos is portrayed higher up among other underworld figures, identified by Delphian guides as a daemon of Hades responsible for stripping the flesh from corpses, leaving only their bones exposed. Pausanias notes his distinctive appearance: a figure of a color between blue and black, resembling that of meat flies, seated and baring his teeth, with a vulture's skin spread beneath him. This depiction underscores Eurynomos' role in the processes of decay and punishment in the underworld, aligning with his function as a flesh-devouring entity.[8] Pausanias' description is valued for its historical reliability, as it draws directly from the visible artwork created centuries earlier, offering a rare glimpse into classical Greek conceptions of daemonic figures through visual art rather than solely literary sources. The account highlights Polygnotus' innovative style in rendering mythological narratives, contributing to our understanding of how such beings were visualized in sacred spaces like Delphi.[8]Absence in Major Epics
Eurynomos is notably absent from the major Homeric and cyclic epics that depict the underworld, including the famous Nekyia scene in Homer's Odyssey (Book 11), the Minyad, and the Returns (Nostoi), despite their detailed accounts of Hades and its terrors.[9] This lack of reference underscores his status as a minor daemon, confined to peripheral mythological roles rather than central heroic narratives. Pausanias' account in his Description of Greece serves as the primary textual source documenting Eurynomos, thereby addressing this evidential gap in earlier literature.[9]Artistic Depictions
Polygnotus' Painting
The depiction of Eurynomos originates from a renowned 5th-century BCE wall painting by the Greek artist Polygnotus of Thasos, located in the Lesche of the Knidians, a clubhouse built in the second quarter of that century at the sanctuary of Delphi.[10][5] This fresco formed part of Polygnotus' larger composition titled Nekyia, illustrating a panoramic scene of the underworld inspired by Homeric themes, where Eurynomos appears amid various figures of the dead and mythical denizens to heighten the portrayal of Hades' grim horrors.[5] In the painting, Eurynomos is shown seated on a vulture's skin, his form rendered in a bluish-black hue reminiscent of meat flies, with bared teeth emphasizing his menacing role as a flesh-devouring daemon.[5] Pausanias, in his detailed ekphrasis of the artwork, identifies Eurynomos as one of Hades' daimones according to Delphian guides, positioned higher in the composition among other punished souls and infernal entities to underscore the theme of postmortem decay.[5] The original frescoes, executed likely on plaster or wooden panels, have not survived; the Lesche structure was excavated in the late 19th century, revealing foundations but no traces of the paintings, leaving Pausanias' 2nd-century CE account as the sole primary record that has shaped all subsequent visualizations of Eurynomos.[10][5]Interpretations in Later Art
Depictions of Eurynomos in post-classical art remain scarce, with influences primarily drawn from Pausanias' description of the ancient Polygnotus painting, where the daemon appears with blue-black skin and seated on vulture hide. In the 19th century, Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal (1863), illustrated by Louis Le Breton, reimagines Eurynome, a demon likely inspired by the Greek daemon Eurynomos, as a superior demon and prince of death, shown gnashing teeth while draped in a fox skin to hide his sore-covered body, thereby integrating him into Christian demonology as a flayer of corpses.[11] This illustration marks one of the few direct visual adaptations outside antiquity, blending Greek mythological elements with infernal iconography to emphasize grotesque decay. In modern fantasy literature and media, Eurynomos has been revived as a horror figure, often amplifying his flesh-devouring role for dramatic effect. For instance, in Rick Riordan's The Tyrant's Tomb (2019), part of the Trials of Apollo series connected to the Percy Jackson universe, eurynomoi appear as withered, ghoulish humanoids with blue-black skin that devour flesh, portraying them as threats in a contemporary mythological framework.[12] Similarly, the 2019 video game Indivisible features Eurynomos as a soul-transferred robotic guardian with ties to ancient lore, reinterpreting the daemon as a heroic yet eerie entity in a fantasy RPG setting.[13] This symbolic evolution reflects a shift from Eurynomos' classical role as an impersonal agent of underworld decay to a visceral horror archetype in digital and literary media, where his imagery—blue-skinned, toothy, and associated with carrion—evokes body horror and existential dread. Contemporary digital artists frequently depict him in this vein, such as in 3D concept art showing a bruised, fox-cloaked prince of death amid infernal landscapes, further embedding him in speculative genres.[14]Distinctions from Other Figures
Homeric References
In Homer's Odyssey, a figure named Eurynomos appears as a mortal suitor of Penelope, entirely separate from the underworld daemon bearing the same name. He is the third son of Aegyptios, an aged Ithacan elder whose family has suffered losses in the Trojan War; his brothers were Antiphus, who had gone to Troy with Odysseus but was killed by the Cyclops, and two others who remained working on the family land.[15] Eurynomos resides in Ithaca and participates in the assembly of suitors who besiege Odysseus's palace, feasting on the household's stores while awaiting Penelope's decision on remarriage.[15] During the climactic slaughter in Book 22, Eurynomos meets his end alongside the other suitors when Odysseus, aided by Telemachus, Eumaeus, and Philoetius, exacts revenge for the interlopers' presumption and wastefulness.[15] This human Eurynomos embodies the folly and hubris of the suitor class in the epic, serving as a minor but illustrative example of the threats to Odysseus's oikos, or household.[16] The Odyssey contains no references to an underworld daemon named Eurynomos, despite its depictions of Hades and its denizens; as Pausanias observes, the poem recounts the horrors of the afterlife without mentioning such a figure.[2] The coincidence of the name underscores its prevalence in Greek onomastics, unattached to any supernatural connotations in Homeric context.Centaur and Other Variants
In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Eurynomus is portrayed as a centaur who takes part in the violent clash known as the Centauromachy, occurring at the wedding feast of Pirithous and Hippodamia in Thessaly.[17] Alongside fellow centaurs Lycidas, Areos, and Imbreus, he confronts the Lapith warrior Dryas but is swiftly killed by the hero's spear during the melee.[17] This depiction positions Eurynomus firmly within the tradition of chaotic, half-human centaur figures, distinct from any chthonic associations. Such recurrent uses of the name Eurynomos across human and hybrid mythological roles, without ties to the underworld, emphasize the need for careful disambiguation in classical scholarship to distinguish unrelated figures sharing nomenclature.[15]References
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ill_dict_infernal_p0270-254_eurynome_demon.jpg