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Hub AI
Fluoride battery AI simulator
(@Fluoride battery_simulator)
Hub AI
Fluoride battery AI simulator
(@Fluoride battery_simulator)
Fluoride battery
Fluoride batteries (also called fluoride shuttle batteries) are a rechargeable battery technology based on the shuttle of fluoride, the anion of fluorine, as ionic charge carriers.
This battery chemistry attracted renewed research interest in the mid-2010s because of its environmental friendliness, the avoidance of scarce and geographically strained mineral resources in electrode composition (e.g. cobalt and nickel), and high theoretical energy densities. In addition, since there is no metal plating and stripping,[dubious – discuss] dendrite formation is negligible if high-capacity metallic anodes are used,[citation needed] with increased safety, cyclability, and energy storage capacity. Theoretically, a fluoride battery using a low cost electrode and a liquid electrolyte can have energy densities as high as ~800 mAh/g and ~4800 Wh/L.
Fluoride battery technology is in an early stage of development, and as of 2024[update] there are no commercially available devices. The main issues limiting actual performance are the high reactivity of naked fluoride in liquid electrolytes, low fluoride ionic conductivity of solid-state electrolytes at room temperature, and volume expansion of conversion-type electrodes that puts mechanical strain on cell components during charging-discharging cycling, leading to premature capacity fading. Despite the aforementioned limitations, the fluoride based technology represents a candidate for the next generation of electrochemical storage technology.
Fluoride shuttling was proposed in 1974 during research on fluoride ionic conductivity of CaF2 at temperatures ranging from 400 to 500 °C.
Research continued during the 70s and early 80s, when other studies about fluoride conductivity of inorganic fluorides at high temperature were carried out. One practical application was made in 1976 by doping β-PbF2 with potassium fluoride. When employed in a galvanic cell as a solid-state electrolyte, this material allowed reaching open-circuit voltage close to the theoretical prediction, but failed to sustain a current when a load was applied.
Small advancements were made in the field of fluoride shuttling in the 1980s. A few studies reported working cells using solid-state fluoride conductive materials based on lanthanum, lead, or cerium fluoride. These cells still had unsatisfactory discharge capacity, high working temperature (up to 160 °C), and limited cell life when compared to commercially available batteries.
Fluoride batteries drew renewed attention from the mid-2010s, driven by the energy transition and needs of new energy storage devices. Improvements[which?] were made in both solid and liquid electrolytes.
The chemistry of a fluoride battery relies on reversible electrochemical fluorination of an electropositive metal (M') at the anode side, at the expense of a more noble metal fluoride (MFx) at the cathode side.
Fluoride battery
Fluoride batteries (also called fluoride shuttle batteries) are a rechargeable battery technology based on the shuttle of fluoride, the anion of fluorine, as ionic charge carriers.
This battery chemistry attracted renewed research interest in the mid-2010s because of its environmental friendliness, the avoidance of scarce and geographically strained mineral resources in electrode composition (e.g. cobalt and nickel), and high theoretical energy densities. In addition, since there is no metal plating and stripping,[dubious – discuss] dendrite formation is negligible if high-capacity metallic anodes are used,[citation needed] with increased safety, cyclability, and energy storage capacity. Theoretically, a fluoride battery using a low cost electrode and a liquid electrolyte can have energy densities as high as ~800 mAh/g and ~4800 Wh/L.
Fluoride battery technology is in an early stage of development, and as of 2024[update] there are no commercially available devices. The main issues limiting actual performance are the high reactivity of naked fluoride in liquid electrolytes, low fluoride ionic conductivity of solid-state electrolytes at room temperature, and volume expansion of conversion-type electrodes that puts mechanical strain on cell components during charging-discharging cycling, leading to premature capacity fading. Despite the aforementioned limitations, the fluoride based technology represents a candidate for the next generation of electrochemical storage technology.
Fluoride shuttling was proposed in 1974 during research on fluoride ionic conductivity of CaF2 at temperatures ranging from 400 to 500 °C.
Research continued during the 70s and early 80s, when other studies about fluoride conductivity of inorganic fluorides at high temperature were carried out. One practical application was made in 1976 by doping β-PbF2 with potassium fluoride. When employed in a galvanic cell as a solid-state electrolyte, this material allowed reaching open-circuit voltage close to the theoretical prediction, but failed to sustain a current when a load was applied.
Small advancements were made in the field of fluoride shuttling in the 1980s. A few studies reported working cells using solid-state fluoride conductive materials based on lanthanum, lead, or cerium fluoride. These cells still had unsatisfactory discharge capacity, high working temperature (up to 160 °C), and limited cell life when compared to commercially available batteries.
Fluoride batteries drew renewed attention from the mid-2010s, driven by the energy transition and needs of new energy storage devices. Improvements[which?] were made in both solid and liquid electrolytes.
The chemistry of a fluoride battery relies on reversible electrochemical fluorination of an electropositive metal (M') at the anode side, at the expense of a more noble metal fluoride (MFx) at the cathode side.