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Forstercooperia
Forstercooperia is an extinct genus of forstercooperiine paraceratheriid rhinocerotoids from the Middle Eocene of Asia.
Forstercooperia is known from a vast amount of cranial material, although only some scant postcranial remains. The average size of the genus is about equal with a large dog, even though later genera like Juxia and Paraceratherium reached sizes of a cow and even much larger. Like primitive rhinocerotoids, Forstercooperia possesses blunt ends on the tips of its nasals, above the nasal incision. Unlike all modern rhinoceroses, the nasals of Forstercooperia, as well as many related genera, lack rugosities, which suggests that they lacked any form of horn. The nasal incision extends fairly far into the upper jaw, ending just posterior to the canine. Forstercooperia possesses a small post-insicor diastema, not as large as its descendants, and similar in size to that of Hyracodon.
Forstercooperia is considered to be a primitive rhinocerotoid, and as a result, many unrelated species were lumped into it. Species have also been oversplit based on small or insignificant features. In the most inclusive review of the genus yet, it was identified that many of the species are junior synonyms of previous names, not in the genus, or are potentially invalid in some other way. Many specimens, ranging in age from the Middle Eocene to Late Eocene, and in location from eastern Asia to Kazakhstan, and as far west as United States, have at some time been included in Forstercooperia. Material of many different genera as well have been at some time included in Forstercooperia, such as that of Juxia and Uintaceras
In 1923, a mostly complete skull of an early rhinoceros relative was unearthed. This skull came from the Late Eocene of the Mongolian Irdin Manha Formation. The material, including the "front of skull with all premolars and some front teeth", was given the specimen number AMNH 20116. It was first discovered in the formation by George Olsen, and in 1938 it was described as a new genus and species by Horace Elmer Wood II. Wood named the binomial Cooperia totadentata to contain the skull. The generic name was to honor Clive Forster-Cooper, who had major contributions to the knowledge of indricotheres. In 1939 Wood corrected the genus name to Forstercooperia, because he was informed that the name Cooperia was preoccupied, creating the new combination Forstercooperia totadentata. The species is also the first named that has been included in Forstercooperia that is still valid. It is also the senior synonym of F. shiwopuensis, a species named in 1974 by Chow et al..
In 1963, material including a partial skull containing cheek teeth was unearthed in Late Eocene deposits of Mongolia. These remains were identified as from a true rhinoceros by Wood, who found them an important discovery with the scant amount of previous cranial material of early rhinocerotids available. On July 25, the same year, a paper was published by Wood concerning the taxonomy and osteology of these remains, in which he named them a new genus and species (or binomial) as well as re-ranking a previously named family as a subfamily containing the new taxon. The binomial created was Pappaceras confluens, classified as a close relative of Forstercooperia within Forstercooperiinae (before Forstercooperiidae, named in 1940 by Kretzoi). Wood noted that the generic name is derived from the Latin word πaππos, "grandfather", and the Greek words alpha, "without", and keras, "horn", translating as "Grandfather without horn". The species name is based on the confluent morphology of the teeth. The catalogue number for the skull is AMNH 26660, and it specifically preserved a "front half of the skull and a complete lower jaw, with most of the teeth and remaining alveoli, totaling a full placental series". Other remains included a portion of the mandible and a premolar. All of these specimens were from the lame locality, the Upper Gray Clays, of the Irdin Manha Formation in Inner Mongolia. In the revision by Radnisky, it was found that this species was assignable to Forstercooperia, and the new combination F. confluens was erected.
In the 1960s, newly uncovered material from the Irdin Manha Formation was identified as belonging to a new species of rhinocerotoid. Originally, they were found to be from F. confluens, as they were in the same location as that species holotype. They were later assigned to Forstercooperia sp., with no new name being given. The material included an almost complete skull, an almost complete lower jaw, an anterior portion of the skull, and an astragalus. These bones were first assigned a new species by Lucas et al., Forstercooperia minuta. They were found to be a unique species based on their size and the anatomy of their teeth. The species has been retained in the species complex of Forstercooperia throughout major revisions, by Lucas et al. in 1981, Lucas and Sobus in 1989, and Holbrook and Lucas in 1997. However, Holbrook and Lucas identified that the only North American material of F. minuta, F:AM 99662, had no features justifying its inclusion with the species, and reassigned it to their new binomial, Uintaceras radinskyi.
An upper tooth row of an indricothere from the Eocene was first described in 1974. It was analysed by Chow, Chang and Ding, who published a new species for it, Forstercooperia shiwopuensis. The authors noted that it was from the same region and in the same size range as F. totadentata, which Lucas et al. (1981) found it to tentatively represent. The holotype of F. totadentata lacked an upper tooth row, and as it was presumably the right size to represent the missing teeth, Lucas et al. predicted it was of the same size and morphology as would have been predicted for the species.
Forstercooperia has been represented by many different species in the different reviews of the genus. In the first significant review, authored by Leonard Radinsky and published in 1967, found that many previous species were junior synonyms, and that only four species certainly in the genus were valid. Radinsky noted that of all published species, F. totadentata, F.? grandis, F. confluens, F. sharamurense, and F. borissiaki were the only valid ones, creating new combinations from Juxia sharamurense, Hyrachyus grandis, and Pappaceras borissiaki. He also synonymized the genera Pappaceras and Juxia with Forstercooperia.
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Forstercooperia
Forstercooperia is an extinct genus of forstercooperiine paraceratheriid rhinocerotoids from the Middle Eocene of Asia.
Forstercooperia is known from a vast amount of cranial material, although only some scant postcranial remains. The average size of the genus is about equal with a large dog, even though later genera like Juxia and Paraceratherium reached sizes of a cow and even much larger. Like primitive rhinocerotoids, Forstercooperia possesses blunt ends on the tips of its nasals, above the nasal incision. Unlike all modern rhinoceroses, the nasals of Forstercooperia, as well as many related genera, lack rugosities, which suggests that they lacked any form of horn. The nasal incision extends fairly far into the upper jaw, ending just posterior to the canine. Forstercooperia possesses a small post-insicor diastema, not as large as its descendants, and similar in size to that of Hyracodon.
Forstercooperia is considered to be a primitive rhinocerotoid, and as a result, many unrelated species were lumped into it. Species have also been oversplit based on small or insignificant features. In the most inclusive review of the genus yet, it was identified that many of the species are junior synonyms of previous names, not in the genus, or are potentially invalid in some other way. Many specimens, ranging in age from the Middle Eocene to Late Eocene, and in location from eastern Asia to Kazakhstan, and as far west as United States, have at some time been included in Forstercooperia. Material of many different genera as well have been at some time included in Forstercooperia, such as that of Juxia and Uintaceras
In 1923, a mostly complete skull of an early rhinoceros relative was unearthed. This skull came from the Late Eocene of the Mongolian Irdin Manha Formation. The material, including the "front of skull with all premolars and some front teeth", was given the specimen number AMNH 20116. It was first discovered in the formation by George Olsen, and in 1938 it was described as a new genus and species by Horace Elmer Wood II. Wood named the binomial Cooperia totadentata to contain the skull. The generic name was to honor Clive Forster-Cooper, who had major contributions to the knowledge of indricotheres. In 1939 Wood corrected the genus name to Forstercooperia, because he was informed that the name Cooperia was preoccupied, creating the new combination Forstercooperia totadentata. The species is also the first named that has been included in Forstercooperia that is still valid. It is also the senior synonym of F. shiwopuensis, a species named in 1974 by Chow et al..
In 1963, material including a partial skull containing cheek teeth was unearthed in Late Eocene deposits of Mongolia. These remains were identified as from a true rhinoceros by Wood, who found them an important discovery with the scant amount of previous cranial material of early rhinocerotids available. On July 25, the same year, a paper was published by Wood concerning the taxonomy and osteology of these remains, in which he named them a new genus and species (or binomial) as well as re-ranking a previously named family as a subfamily containing the new taxon. The binomial created was Pappaceras confluens, classified as a close relative of Forstercooperia within Forstercooperiinae (before Forstercooperiidae, named in 1940 by Kretzoi). Wood noted that the generic name is derived from the Latin word πaππos, "grandfather", and the Greek words alpha, "without", and keras, "horn", translating as "Grandfather without horn". The species name is based on the confluent morphology of the teeth. The catalogue number for the skull is AMNH 26660, and it specifically preserved a "front half of the skull and a complete lower jaw, with most of the teeth and remaining alveoli, totaling a full placental series". Other remains included a portion of the mandible and a premolar. All of these specimens were from the lame locality, the Upper Gray Clays, of the Irdin Manha Formation in Inner Mongolia. In the revision by Radnisky, it was found that this species was assignable to Forstercooperia, and the new combination F. confluens was erected.
In the 1960s, newly uncovered material from the Irdin Manha Formation was identified as belonging to a new species of rhinocerotoid. Originally, they were found to be from F. confluens, as they were in the same location as that species holotype. They were later assigned to Forstercooperia sp., with no new name being given. The material included an almost complete skull, an almost complete lower jaw, an anterior portion of the skull, and an astragalus. These bones were first assigned a new species by Lucas et al., Forstercooperia minuta. They were found to be a unique species based on their size and the anatomy of their teeth. The species has been retained in the species complex of Forstercooperia throughout major revisions, by Lucas et al. in 1981, Lucas and Sobus in 1989, and Holbrook and Lucas in 1997. However, Holbrook and Lucas identified that the only North American material of F. minuta, F:AM 99662, had no features justifying its inclusion with the species, and reassigned it to their new binomial, Uintaceras radinskyi.
An upper tooth row of an indricothere from the Eocene was first described in 1974. It was analysed by Chow, Chang and Ding, who published a new species for it, Forstercooperia shiwopuensis. The authors noted that it was from the same region and in the same size range as F. totadentata, which Lucas et al. (1981) found it to tentatively represent. The holotype of F. totadentata lacked an upper tooth row, and as it was presumably the right size to represent the missing teeth, Lucas et al. predicted it was of the same size and morphology as would have been predicted for the species.
Forstercooperia has been represented by many different species in the different reviews of the genus. In the first significant review, authored by Leonard Radinsky and published in 1967, found that many previous species were junior synonyms, and that only four species certainly in the genus were valid. Radinsky noted that of all published species, F. totadentata, F.? grandis, F. confluens, F. sharamurense, and F. borissiaki were the only valid ones, creating new combinations from Juxia sharamurense, Hyrachyus grandis, and Pappaceras borissiaki. He also synonymized the genera Pappaceras and Juxia with Forstercooperia.