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Francisco Bolognesi
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Francisco Bolognesi
Francisco Bolognesi y Cervantes (né Boloñesi; November 4, 1816 – June 7, 1880) was a Peruvian military colonel known for his participation during the War of the Pacific. He was killed during the Battle of Arica, defending the city from an opposing army superior in both numbers and firepower following a promise to "fight until the last cartridge is spent" (hasta quemar el último cartucho). He is considered a national hero in Peru and was declared patron of the Peruvian Army by the government of Peru on 2 January 1951.
Born in Lima to Genoese composer Andrea Bolognesi Campanella and Juana Cervantes y Pacheco, he moved to his mother's native Arequipa at the age of eight, studying at the Colegio Nacional de la Independencia Americana and later being transferred to the Seminario Conciliar de San Jerónimo at his mother's request. He worked as a bookkeeper from 1832 to 1840 and ventured into the very profitable business of cascarilla and coca, traveling for this purpose to the mountains of Carabaya, in Puno.
He joined the Peruvian Army in 1853, during a period where a war between Peru and Bolivia was expected, specialising in artillery. Shortly after, he joined the revolution headed by Ramón Castilla against the government of José Rufino Echenique. He remained loyal to Castilla during the civil war that began in 1856, participating in the March 1858 siege of Arequipa, where he was wounded in the thigh. He was elevated to colonel and immediately participated in the Ecuadorian campaign from 1859 to 1860, being later sent to Europe to acquire military equipment and cannons for the fortresses at Callao. For this reason, he was not present at the Battle of Callao of May 2. In 1868, he became a commander-general of artillery.
When the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879, he was already retired from service, but he requested readmission and was assigned as head of the 3rd Division in the South, at the head of which he distinguished himself in the battles of San Francisco and Tarapacá. As the remnants of the Peruvian Army retreated towards Tacna, he was entrusted with the defense of Arica with 2,000 men, which was then besieged by Chilean forces far superior in number and firepower. When the opposing command, through Major Juan de la Cruz Salvo, demanded his surrender, he refused, giving his famous reply. The assault on Arica was carried out, during which Bolognesi was killed in action.
Francisco Bolognesi was born in Lima on 4 November 1816. He attended the Seminary of Arequipa until he was 16 and then entered into a career in commerce. His birthplace, known as the Casa de Bolognesi, is now a museum dedicated to the combatants (combatientes) of the Morro de Arica campaign. One of his siblings was colonel and composer Mariano Bolognesi (1826–1899).
His father, Andrés Bolognesi, was of Italian-Peruvian background and was a violin player for the court of the Viceroy. Francisco Bolognesi had a son called Federico Pablo, whose son was Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi (the second vice president of Peru). Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi had a daughter called Ana Maria Bolognesi who had two daughters called Ana Mamie and Selina Raguz Bolognesi. The Bolognesi family legacy lives on through Ana Mamie and Selina, who each have two children: Roberto and Emilia Abusada Raguz, and Elio and Benjamin Yagüe Raguz. Roberto and Emilia are the children of Roberto Abusada Salah, a renowned Peruvian economist. Roberto Abusada Salah was recognized for his significant contributions to Peru's economic policy, particularly during the 1990s when he played a crucial role in combating hyperinflation.
He was involved with the military in July 1844, in an action at Carmen Alto, a local district of Arequipa, south region of Perú. While offered a position in the military, he elected to remain in civilian life. However, in 1853, he enlisted and was selected as second in command of a cavalry regiment during a period of tension between Peru and Bolivia. While no armed conflict with Bolivia ensued, Bolognesi elected to remain in the military and took part in the revolution against then-President Echenique. After the successful revolution, Bolognesi was a Lieutenant Colonel on the General Staff.
In 1856, Bolognesi commanded the artillery involved in suppressing the revolt of General Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco, centered in the city of Arequipa, and was promoted to Colonel.
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Francisco Bolognesi
Francisco Bolognesi y Cervantes (né Boloñesi; November 4, 1816 – June 7, 1880) was a Peruvian military colonel known for his participation during the War of the Pacific. He was killed during the Battle of Arica, defending the city from an opposing army superior in both numbers and firepower following a promise to "fight until the last cartridge is spent" (hasta quemar el último cartucho). He is considered a national hero in Peru and was declared patron of the Peruvian Army by the government of Peru on 2 January 1951.
Born in Lima to Genoese composer Andrea Bolognesi Campanella and Juana Cervantes y Pacheco, he moved to his mother's native Arequipa at the age of eight, studying at the Colegio Nacional de la Independencia Americana and later being transferred to the Seminario Conciliar de San Jerónimo at his mother's request. He worked as a bookkeeper from 1832 to 1840 and ventured into the very profitable business of cascarilla and coca, traveling for this purpose to the mountains of Carabaya, in Puno.
He joined the Peruvian Army in 1853, during a period where a war between Peru and Bolivia was expected, specialising in artillery. Shortly after, he joined the revolution headed by Ramón Castilla against the government of José Rufino Echenique. He remained loyal to Castilla during the civil war that began in 1856, participating in the March 1858 siege of Arequipa, where he was wounded in the thigh. He was elevated to colonel and immediately participated in the Ecuadorian campaign from 1859 to 1860, being later sent to Europe to acquire military equipment and cannons for the fortresses at Callao. For this reason, he was not present at the Battle of Callao of May 2. In 1868, he became a commander-general of artillery.
When the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879, he was already retired from service, but he requested readmission and was assigned as head of the 3rd Division in the South, at the head of which he distinguished himself in the battles of San Francisco and Tarapacá. As the remnants of the Peruvian Army retreated towards Tacna, he was entrusted with the defense of Arica with 2,000 men, which was then besieged by Chilean forces far superior in number and firepower. When the opposing command, through Major Juan de la Cruz Salvo, demanded his surrender, he refused, giving his famous reply. The assault on Arica was carried out, during which Bolognesi was killed in action.
Francisco Bolognesi was born in Lima on 4 November 1816. He attended the Seminary of Arequipa until he was 16 and then entered into a career in commerce. His birthplace, known as the Casa de Bolognesi, is now a museum dedicated to the combatants (combatientes) of the Morro de Arica campaign. One of his siblings was colonel and composer Mariano Bolognesi (1826–1899).
His father, Andrés Bolognesi, was of Italian-Peruvian background and was a violin player for the court of the Viceroy. Francisco Bolognesi had a son called Federico Pablo, whose son was Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi (the second vice president of Peru). Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi had a daughter called Ana Maria Bolognesi who had two daughters called Ana Mamie and Selina Raguz Bolognesi. The Bolognesi family legacy lives on through Ana Mamie and Selina, who each have two children: Roberto and Emilia Abusada Raguz, and Elio and Benjamin Yagüe Raguz. Roberto and Emilia are the children of Roberto Abusada Salah, a renowned Peruvian economist. Roberto Abusada Salah was recognized for his significant contributions to Peru's economic policy, particularly during the 1990s when he played a crucial role in combating hyperinflation.
He was involved with the military in July 1844, in an action at Carmen Alto, a local district of Arequipa, south region of Perú. While offered a position in the military, he elected to remain in civilian life. However, in 1853, he enlisted and was selected as second in command of a cavalry regiment during a period of tension between Peru and Bolivia. While no armed conflict with Bolivia ensued, Bolognesi elected to remain in the military and took part in the revolution against then-President Echenique. After the successful revolution, Bolognesi was a Lieutenant Colonel on the General Staff.
In 1856, Bolognesi commanded the artillery involved in suppressing the revolt of General Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco, centered in the city of Arequipa, and was promoted to Colonel.
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