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Gül Mosque
Gül Mosque (Turkish: Gül Camii, meaning Rose Mosque' in English) is a former Byzantine church in Istanbul, Turkey, converted into a mosque by the Ottomans.
It is in Vakıf Mektebi Sokak in the district of Fatih, Istanbul, in the neighbourhood of Ayakapı ('Gate of the Saint'). It lies at the end of the valley which divides the fourth and fifth hills of Constantinople and overlooks the Golden Horn from its imposing position .
Although the Gül Mosque was one of the most important Byzantine buildings in Constantinople, its dedication and the date of its construction have been disputed by scholars. It is sometimes identified with the church belonging to the nunnery of Saint Theodosia (Greek: Μονή τής Άγιας Θεοδοσίας εν τοις Δεξιοκράτους, Monē tis Hagias Theodosias en tois Dexiokratous) or with that of the monastery of Christ the Benefactor (Greek: Μονή του Χριστού του Ευεργέτου, Monē tou Christou tou Euergetou).
After Stephan Gerlach visited it in the late 15th century, the building was always identified as the church of Hagia Theodosia en tois Dexiokratous. However, at the beginning of the last century, Jules Pargoire identified it instead as the church of Hagia Euphēmia en tō Petriō, built during the reign of Basil I (867–886), and explained why he thought this was the case. After studies aimed at the dating of the basement in the 1960s, the German archaeologist Hartmut Schäfer estimated the date of the church's construction as between the end of the eleventh and the first half of the 12th century, placing it in the Komnenian period, and identifying it hypothetically as the church of the monastery of Christos Euergetēs. He refuted the idea that the Gül Mosque was the building where the body of Hagia Theodosia was brought at the end of the Iconoclasm period. On the other hand, he did not exclude the possibility that the building could have been dedicated to Hagia Theodosia at a later period.
On January 19, 729, at the very beginning of the iconoclastic persecutions, Emperor Leo III the Isaurian ordered the removal of an image of Christ which stood over the Chalkē, the main gate of the Great Palace of Constantinople. While an officer was executing the order, a group of women gathered to prevent the operation, and one of them, a nun named Theodosia, caused him to fall from the ladder. The man died, and Theodosia was captured and executed.
After the end of the Iconoclasm era, Theodosia was recognized as a martyr and saint, and her body was kept and venerated in the church of Hagia Euphemia en tō Petriō, in the quarter named Dexiokratiana, after the houses owned here by one Dexiokrates. The church and adjoining monastery were erected by Emperor Basil I at the end of the ninth century. The monastery hosted his four daughters, who were all buried in the church. Hagia Euphemia lay near the Monastery of Christos Euergetēs, whose foundation date is unknown although it was restored by protosebastos John Komnenos, son of Andronikos I Komnenos and brother of co-emperor John, who died fighting in the battle of Myriokephalon in 1176. On April 12, 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, the Latin fleet gathered in front of the monastery of Christos Euergetes before attacking the city. During the period of the Latin occupation, the navy had its anchorage in front of the monastery. Many sacred relics kept in the church were looted by the Crusaders and some still exist in churches throughout western Europe.
Over time, the veneration of St Theodosia grew until, after the 11th century, the church was renamed after her. Since the original feast day of Hagia Euphemia was on 30 May, and that of another Hagia Theodosia (Hagia Theodosia of Tyros) was on 29 May, 29 May came to be accepted as the feast day of Hagia Theodosia hē Konstantinoupolitissa ('Saint Theodosia of Constantinople').
Hagia Theodosia became one of the most venerated saints in Constantinople, being invoked particularly by the infirm. Her fame increased when a deaf-mute was miraculously cured in 1306. The church was often mentioned by the Russian pilgrims who visited the city in the fourteenth and early fifteenth century, although it was sometimes confused with the nearby church of Christ Euergetēs. Twice a week there was a procession during which the relics hosted in the church were carried and a crowd of sick people followed, praying to be cured.
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Gül Mosque
Gül Mosque (Turkish: Gül Camii, meaning Rose Mosque' in English) is a former Byzantine church in Istanbul, Turkey, converted into a mosque by the Ottomans.
It is in Vakıf Mektebi Sokak in the district of Fatih, Istanbul, in the neighbourhood of Ayakapı ('Gate of the Saint'). It lies at the end of the valley which divides the fourth and fifth hills of Constantinople and overlooks the Golden Horn from its imposing position .
Although the Gül Mosque was one of the most important Byzantine buildings in Constantinople, its dedication and the date of its construction have been disputed by scholars. It is sometimes identified with the church belonging to the nunnery of Saint Theodosia (Greek: Μονή τής Άγιας Θεοδοσίας εν τοις Δεξιοκράτους, Monē tis Hagias Theodosias en tois Dexiokratous) or with that of the monastery of Christ the Benefactor (Greek: Μονή του Χριστού του Ευεργέτου, Monē tou Christou tou Euergetou).
After Stephan Gerlach visited it in the late 15th century, the building was always identified as the church of Hagia Theodosia en tois Dexiokratous. However, at the beginning of the last century, Jules Pargoire identified it instead as the church of Hagia Euphēmia en tō Petriō, built during the reign of Basil I (867–886), and explained why he thought this was the case. After studies aimed at the dating of the basement in the 1960s, the German archaeologist Hartmut Schäfer estimated the date of the church's construction as between the end of the eleventh and the first half of the 12th century, placing it in the Komnenian period, and identifying it hypothetically as the church of the monastery of Christos Euergetēs. He refuted the idea that the Gül Mosque was the building where the body of Hagia Theodosia was brought at the end of the Iconoclasm period. On the other hand, he did not exclude the possibility that the building could have been dedicated to Hagia Theodosia at a later period.
On January 19, 729, at the very beginning of the iconoclastic persecutions, Emperor Leo III the Isaurian ordered the removal of an image of Christ which stood over the Chalkē, the main gate of the Great Palace of Constantinople. While an officer was executing the order, a group of women gathered to prevent the operation, and one of them, a nun named Theodosia, caused him to fall from the ladder. The man died, and Theodosia was captured and executed.
After the end of the Iconoclasm era, Theodosia was recognized as a martyr and saint, and her body was kept and venerated in the church of Hagia Euphemia en tō Petriō, in the quarter named Dexiokratiana, after the houses owned here by one Dexiokrates. The church and adjoining monastery were erected by Emperor Basil I at the end of the ninth century. The monastery hosted his four daughters, who were all buried in the church. Hagia Euphemia lay near the Monastery of Christos Euergetēs, whose foundation date is unknown although it was restored by protosebastos John Komnenos, son of Andronikos I Komnenos and brother of co-emperor John, who died fighting in the battle of Myriokephalon in 1176. On April 12, 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, the Latin fleet gathered in front of the monastery of Christos Euergetes before attacking the city. During the period of the Latin occupation, the navy had its anchorage in front of the monastery. Many sacred relics kept in the church were looted by the Crusaders and some still exist in churches throughout western Europe.
Over time, the veneration of St Theodosia grew until, after the 11th century, the church was renamed after her. Since the original feast day of Hagia Euphemia was on 30 May, and that of another Hagia Theodosia (Hagia Theodosia of Tyros) was on 29 May, 29 May came to be accepted as the feast day of Hagia Theodosia hē Konstantinoupolitissa ('Saint Theodosia of Constantinople').
Hagia Theodosia became one of the most venerated saints in Constantinople, being invoked particularly by the infirm. Her fame increased when a deaf-mute was miraculously cured in 1306. The church was often mentioned by the Russian pilgrims who visited the city in the fourteenth and early fifteenth century, although it was sometimes confused with the nearby church of Christ Euergetēs. Twice a week there was a procession during which the relics hosted in the church were carried and a crowd of sick people followed, praying to be cured.