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Ganglion cell
In neurophysiology, a ganglion cell is a cell found in a ganglion (a cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system). Depending on their location and function, ganglion cells can be categorized into several major groups:
During the late 1800s, early 1900s, Spanish Neuroscientist and Pathologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed Neuron theory which basically introduced the idea that the Nervous system contained cells called the Neuron. The process he used was called Golgi staining of the vertebrate retina. Cajal was able to differentiate between different types of Ganglion cell based on dendritic morphology, cell body and dendritic tree size, and number of sub layers in which they arborize/stratification layers. Through this study, he discovered that the ganglion cell distribution amongst vertebrates were pretty similar minus the Rods and cones in the retinas.
In the 1940s, American Neurologist Stephen Polyak produced description of the Golgi-impregnated Cells that helped further classify types of Ganglion Cells. This data helped scientists get a better understanding of the ganglion cells present in the retinas of Mammals and Primates
In 1974, Boycott and Wassle created a scheme for the classification of Ganglion Cells that was found to be in the cat retina. These cells, alpha, beta, delta and gamma are seen to be linked with the X,Y and W types of physiology. Boycott and Wassle confirmed the idea of Cajal's Ox and Dog retina idea by naming the alpha and beta.
In 1978, the idea of the alpha and beta ganglion cells could be divided into different subgroups, sublamina a and sublamina b. Sublamina a contains dendrite cells containing OFF-center receptive fields while the Sublamina b contains On-center receptive fields.
The most studied classes are the parvocellular (P), magnocellular (M), and koniocellular (K) cells, with a fourth class, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).
Parvocellular (P) Cells : P-cells make up approximately 70% of all ganglion cells. They are highly concentrated in the fovea. They exhibit center-surround receptive fields and are primarily involved in processing fine spatial detail and color. These cells have high spatial acuity vision and have strong color opponency. However, their temporal resolution is very poor and have low contrast sensitivity.
Magnocellular (M) cells : M-cells contain 10% of the RGCs, and show center-surround receptive fields and is more responsive to changes in luminance and motion. They are crucial for detecting motion and depth because they possess contrast sensitivity and high temporal resolution. In comparison to P cells, Magnocellular (M) cells do not display color opponency, and have much lower spatial resolution.
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Ganglion cell
In neurophysiology, a ganglion cell is a cell found in a ganglion (a cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system). Depending on their location and function, ganglion cells can be categorized into several major groups:
During the late 1800s, early 1900s, Spanish Neuroscientist and Pathologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed Neuron theory which basically introduced the idea that the Nervous system contained cells called the Neuron. The process he used was called Golgi staining of the vertebrate retina. Cajal was able to differentiate between different types of Ganglion cell based on dendritic morphology, cell body and dendritic tree size, and number of sub layers in which they arborize/stratification layers. Through this study, he discovered that the ganglion cell distribution amongst vertebrates were pretty similar minus the Rods and cones in the retinas.
In the 1940s, American Neurologist Stephen Polyak produced description of the Golgi-impregnated Cells that helped further classify types of Ganglion Cells. This data helped scientists get a better understanding of the ganglion cells present in the retinas of Mammals and Primates
In 1974, Boycott and Wassle created a scheme for the classification of Ganglion Cells that was found to be in the cat retina. These cells, alpha, beta, delta and gamma are seen to be linked with the X,Y and W types of physiology. Boycott and Wassle confirmed the idea of Cajal's Ox and Dog retina idea by naming the alpha and beta.
In 1978, the idea of the alpha and beta ganglion cells could be divided into different subgroups, sublamina a and sublamina b. Sublamina a contains dendrite cells containing OFF-center receptive fields while the Sublamina b contains On-center receptive fields.
The most studied classes are the parvocellular (P), magnocellular (M), and koniocellular (K) cells, with a fourth class, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).
Parvocellular (P) Cells : P-cells make up approximately 70% of all ganglion cells. They are highly concentrated in the fovea. They exhibit center-surround receptive fields and are primarily involved in processing fine spatial detail and color. These cells have high spatial acuity vision and have strong color opponency. However, their temporal resolution is very poor and have low contrast sensitivity.
Magnocellular (M) cells : M-cells contain 10% of the RGCs, and show center-surround receptive fields and is more responsive to changes in luminance and motion. They are crucial for detecting motion and depth because they possess contrast sensitivity and high temporal resolution. In comparison to P cells, Magnocellular (M) cells do not display color opponency, and have much lower spatial resolution.