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Gau Baden
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Gau Baden
The Gau Baden, renamed Gau Baden–Alsace (German: Gau Baden-Elsaß) in March 1941, was a de facto administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 in the German state of Baden and, from 1940 onward, in Alsace (German: Elsaß). Before that, from 1925 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.
The Nazi Gau (plural Gaue) system was originally established in a Nazi Party conference on 22 May 1926 in order to improve administration of the party structure. From 1933 onward, after the Nazi seizure of power, the Gaue increasingly replaced the German states as administrative subdivisions in Germany. In 1940, after Germany occupied the French region of Alsace, Gau Baden incorporated the two Alsatian départements of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin, becoming Baden-Elsass. The seat of the 'Gau administration was originally Karlsruhe, but moved to Strasbourg after the German occupation of France.
At the head of each Gau stood a Gauleiter, a position which became increasingly more powerful, especially after the outbreak of the World War II, with little interference from above. Local Gauleiter often held government positions as well as party ones and were in charge of, among other things, propaganda and surveillance and, from September 1944 onward, the Volkssturm and the defense of the Gau.
Members of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund formed an affiliate of the Nazi Party in Stuttgart, Württemberg on 8 May 1920 that was recognized on 4 June. Leaders in Stuttgart help expand the party into Baden. The first Baden affiliate was formed in Pforzheim on 28 October. Ernst Ulshöfer, one of the founders of the Stuttgart affiliate, was the leader of the Pforzheim Nazis in 1921. Ulshöfer formed an affiliate in Mannheim on 4 February 1921, and became its leader in May 1922.
Between 13 April and 28 August 1922, 178 people joined the Baden party. Two of these members were female and five were unskilled workers. The party was banned in Baden on 4 July 1922. Several people were convicted for being members of the party in 1923, but their convictions were overturned as the court ruled that the government's order only banned the party and not membership in it. Nazis remained active in Baden by forming front organizations. The Nazis had eighteen local affiliates in 1923.
The party was banned following the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. The German Party (Deutsche Partei) was formed by Nazis in 1924, and held its first conference on 20 January. Erwin Müller was the first leader of the German Party. Walter Köhler left the German National People's Party (DNVP) and joined the German Party. The German Party became an affiliate of the Nazi Party after the ban on it was lifted in 1925. Nazis in southern Baden joined the German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP).
The Völkisch organizations in Baden united into the Völkisch Soziale Block for the May 1924 German federal election. Most of the candidates were from the DVFP. The block received 4.8% of the votes in the election, and 47.9% of its votes came from cities with populations over 10,000. The German Party became affiliated with the National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFP).
The Völkisch Jugend was formed in January 1924, and later became the Schlageterbund. This later became the Sturmabteilung (SA) in Baden. The SA membership was estimated by the Baden police to be at 2,400 in 1930, 5,000 in October 1931, and 10,000 by 1932. Heinrich Himmler ordered the creation of the Baden Schutzstaffel (SS) in March 1929, and placed it under the leadership of Otto Heidt. A branch of the Hitler Youth was formed in Baden in 1927.
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Gau Baden
The Gau Baden, renamed Gau Baden–Alsace (German: Gau Baden-Elsaß) in March 1941, was a de facto administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 in the German state of Baden and, from 1940 onward, in Alsace (German: Elsaß). Before that, from 1925 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.
The Nazi Gau (plural Gaue) system was originally established in a Nazi Party conference on 22 May 1926 in order to improve administration of the party structure. From 1933 onward, after the Nazi seizure of power, the Gaue increasingly replaced the German states as administrative subdivisions in Germany. In 1940, after Germany occupied the French region of Alsace, Gau Baden incorporated the two Alsatian départements of Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin, becoming Baden-Elsass. The seat of the 'Gau administration was originally Karlsruhe, but moved to Strasbourg after the German occupation of France.
At the head of each Gau stood a Gauleiter, a position which became increasingly more powerful, especially after the outbreak of the World War II, with little interference from above. Local Gauleiter often held government positions as well as party ones and were in charge of, among other things, propaganda and surveillance and, from September 1944 onward, the Volkssturm and the defense of the Gau.
Members of the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund formed an affiliate of the Nazi Party in Stuttgart, Württemberg on 8 May 1920 that was recognized on 4 June. Leaders in Stuttgart help expand the party into Baden. The first Baden affiliate was formed in Pforzheim on 28 October. Ernst Ulshöfer, one of the founders of the Stuttgart affiliate, was the leader of the Pforzheim Nazis in 1921. Ulshöfer formed an affiliate in Mannheim on 4 February 1921, and became its leader in May 1922.
Between 13 April and 28 August 1922, 178 people joined the Baden party. Two of these members were female and five were unskilled workers. The party was banned in Baden on 4 July 1922. Several people were convicted for being members of the party in 1923, but their convictions were overturned as the court ruled that the government's order only banned the party and not membership in it. Nazis remained active in Baden by forming front organizations. The Nazis had eighteen local affiliates in 1923.
The party was banned following the unsuccessful Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. The German Party (Deutsche Partei) was formed by Nazis in 1924, and held its first conference on 20 January. Erwin Müller was the first leader of the German Party. Walter Köhler left the German National People's Party (DNVP) and joined the German Party. The German Party became an affiliate of the Nazi Party after the ban on it was lifted in 1925. Nazis in southern Baden joined the German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP).
The Völkisch organizations in Baden united into the Völkisch Soziale Block for the May 1924 German federal election. Most of the candidates were from the DVFP. The block received 4.8% of the votes in the election, and 47.9% of its votes came from cities with populations over 10,000. The German Party became affiliated with the National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFP).
The Völkisch Jugend was formed in January 1924, and later became the Schlageterbund. This later became the Sturmabteilung (SA) in Baden. The SA membership was estimated by the Baden police to be at 2,400 in 1930, 5,000 in October 1931, and 10,000 by 1932. Heinrich Himmler ordered the creation of the Baden Schutzstaffel (SS) in March 1929, and placed it under the leadership of Otto Heidt. A branch of the Hitler Youth was formed in Baden in 1927.
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