The Gebelein predynastic mummies are six naturally mummified bodies, dating to approximately 3400 BC from the Late Predynastic period of Ancient Egypt. They were the first complete predynastic bodies to be discovered. The well-preserved bodies were excavated at the end of the nineteenth century by Wallis Budge, the British Museum Keeper for Egyptology, from shallow sand graves near Gebelein (today, Naga el-Gherira) in the Egyptian desert.

Budge excavated all the bodies from the same grave site. Two were identified as male and one as female, with the others being of undetermined sex. The bodies were given to the British Museum in 1900. Some grave goods were documented at the time of excavation as "pots and flints", however, they were not passed on to the British Museum and their whereabouts remain unknown. Three of the bodies were found with coverings of different types (reed matting, palm fibre and animal skin), which still remain with the bodies. The bodies were found in fetal positions lying on their left sides.

Since 1901, the first body excavated (EA 32751, nicknamed "Ginger" for his red hair) has remained on display in the British Museum. It is dated to Naqada II, c. 3400 BC (Cal. C14 dating 3341-3017 BC, 95.4%), consistent with the Naqada IID-IIIB periods. However, according to Live Science reporting on an article published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, “ancient humans found with red hair weren't necessarily redheads in life, but may have acquired their carrot tops after death”. Live Science quotes the lead author, Silvana Tridico, as stating that the sun degrades these pigments in a process known as photo-oxidation. However, the hair pigment for darker hair is not as stable as that for red hair, resulting in hair turning a reddish colour when exposed to sunlight for extended periods. This explains why the hair of ancient Aboriginal people in Australia has a reddish tint. Nevertheless, there is no evidence to suggest that the Gebelein mummies were subjected to years of prolonged sunlight following their burial.

Alternatively, some researchers studying bodies that had been mummified with natron, unlike the Gebelein mummies, propose that lighter hair among Greco-Roman era Egyptians may have occurred naturally rather than being solely the product of post-mortem changes. Forensic Egyptologist Janet Davey of the Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine conducted experiments using synthetic natron and found that mummification did not alter hair colour, supporting the view that a minority of ancient Egyptians could have had naturally fair or reddish hair.

In 1895 and 1896 the ruins at Abydos, Tukh, Hierakonpolis and Gebelein were excavated. In 1892 Jacques de Morgan, Director of Antiquities in Egypt, proved that pottery found at Abydos and Nakadah pre-dated the dynastic period, stimulating interest by many European archaeologists. As each excavation was completed, local Egyptian residents would continue to search the sites for remains. In 1895 E. A. Wallis Budge, on behalf of the British Museum, procured inscribed coffins and funerary furniture from the 12th Dynasty tombs at Al-Barshah by working with the Egyptian Service of Antiquities. Budge started purchasing predynastic finds from the locals including bowls, spear and arrowheads, carved flint and bone figures and partial human remains (described as chiefly bones without skin or flesh remaining).

In 1896, Budge was approached by a resident of Gebelein who claimed to have found more mummies. Budge was taken to the bodies, and he immediately recognized them as from the predynastic period and the first complete pre-dynastic bodies identified. He began excavations and a total of six mummified bodies were removed from shallow sand graves at Baḥr Bila Mâ (Waterless River) located at the eastern slopes of the north-most hill at Gebelein.

The only grave goods were a pot found with the female adult body and partial remains of wicker, fur and linen with the other bodies. In the predynastic period bodies were usually buried naked and sometimes loosely wrapped. In such a burial, when the body is covered in warm sand, the environmental conditions mean that most of the water in the body is quickly evaporated or drained away, meaning that the corpse is naturally dried and preserved. This method was widely used in the pre-dynastic Egyptian period, before artificial mummification was developed. The natural mummification that occurred with these dry sand burials may have led to the original Egyptian belief in an after-death survival and started the tradition of leaving food and implements for an afterlife.

All bodies were in similar flexed positions lying on their left sides with knees raised up towards their chin. In comparison, most bodies excavated from Egypt dating to the predynastic period are in a similar position, however at Merimda Beni Salama and El-Amra bodies were found on their right sides. From the time these bodies were buried up until the Middle Kingdom period, the dead were laid on their sides. After this period they were buried on their backs (dorsal position), and from the Fifth Dynasty the bodies were always fully extended.