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Marion Eugene Snyder (January 26, 1928 – February 16, 2007[1]) was an American politician elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives from two different districts in his native Kentucky.

Key Information

Background

[edit]

Snyder was born in Louisville and attended public schools there, having graduated from duPont Manual High School. He studied at the University of Louisville and graduated from the Jefferson School of Law. He began a career as a lawyer in Louisville in 1950. In 1954, he became the city attorney in Jeffersontown, a post that he held for some four years. Snyder was elected as the magistrate for the first district of Jefferson County in the fall of 1957 and was re-elected in 1961. He also had several business interests in farming, real estate, insurance, and construction.

Political life

[edit]

Snyder was elected to the House of Representatives from Kentucky's 3rd congressional district, based in Louisville, in 1962. He was one of the few Republicans to vote against the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[2] although he later voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1968.[3] A Barry M. Goldwater supporter, he was unseated in 1964 after only one term by former Louisville Mayor Charlie Farnsley, amid the gigantic Lyndon B. Johnson-Hubert H. Humphrey Democratic landslide that year.

Snyder then moved to nearby Oldham County, which was in the neighboring 4th District, and prepared for a run against 11-term incumbent Frank Chelf in 1966. The 4th by that time was rapidly trending Republican because of an influx of new residents from Cincinnati; it had absorbed most of the Kentucky side of the Cincinnati metro area in the 1960s round of redistricting. He took full advantage of this trend and defeated Chelf by almost eight points. He was re-elected eight times from this district with almost no difficulty. In 1984, however, Democrat Pat Mulloy ran a surprisingly strong campaign and almost unseated Snyder; only Ronald Reagan's landslide win in Kentucky (by almost twenty points) helped Snyder remain in office. Rather than face Mulloy again, Snyder chose not to seek an 11th term in 1986. The seat then went to the Republican Jim Bunning, who in 1983 had been the unsuccessful Republican gubernatorial nominee against Martha Layne Collins.

In 1982, Congressman Snyder secured federal funds to build a beltway around Louisville. For this reason, a portion of I-265 was named for him[4] in 1986.[5] The federal courthouse building in Louisville and a general aviation airport near Falmouth, Kentucky (K62) also bear his name.

Snyder died in Naples, Florida in 2007.[6]

References

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Gene Snyder

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Marion Gene Snyder (January 26, 1928 – February 16, 2007) was an American lawyer and Republican politician who represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives for eleven nonconsecutive terms, serving the 3rd district from 1963 to 1965 and the 4th district from 1967 to 1987. Born in Louisville, Kentucky, Snyder attended DuPont Manual High School and earned his undergraduate and law degrees from institutions affiliated with the University of Louisville, including the Jefferson School of Law, before being admitted to the bar in 1950. He practiced law in Louisville while engaging in farming, real estate, insurance, and residential construction, and held local offices as city attorney for Jeffersontown from 1954 to 1958 and magistrate for Jefferson County's 1st District from 1958 to 1962. In Congress, Snyder served on the Public Works and Transportation Committee, where he prioritized infrastructure development, securing federal funding for key projects including the Clay Wade Bailey Bridge in 1971, the Big Mac Bridge () in 1981, the Markland Dam Bridge, and segments of the Louisville beltway now designated as the Gene Snyder Freeway (). His bipartisan approach, forging alliances across party lines with figures such as Speaker and Representative , facilitated these outcomes and contributed to in his district. Snyder's legacy includes strengthening Republican influence in 's 4th district and having the Gene Snyder U.S. Courthouse in Louisville named in his honor.

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Family Background

Marion Gene Snyder was born on January 26, 1928, in Louisville, , to parents Marion and Lois Snyder. Raised in West Louisville amid modest economic conditions, Snyder later characterized his early years as those of a "poor boy." He attended local public schools before graduating from duPont Manual High School in Louisville.

Academic and Formative Years

Snyder attended public schools in Louisville, Kentucky, graduating from duPont Manual High School. He subsequently enrolled at the University of Louisville for undergraduate studies, though specific details of his coursework or duration there remain undocumented in primary congressional records. Transitioning to legal training, Snyder pursued a degree at the Jefferson School of Law in Louisville, earning both an LL.B. and J.D. in 1950. The institution, known for its evening program accommodating working students, later merged into the University of Louisville School of Law. This education equipped him for immediate entry into legal practice, reflecting a formative emphasis on practical, locally oriented professional development amid post-World War II opportunities in Kentucky. During these years, Snyder's academic path aligned with his emerging interest in , as evidenced by his prompt admission to the bar upon graduation and subsequent local engagements, though explicit records of extracurricular or intellectual influences are limited to his Louisville roots.

Pre-Political Career

Following his graduation with a J.D. from the School of Law in 1950, Snyder was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced a private legal practice in Louisville. His early professional work centered on general legal services in the Louisville area, establishing a foundation in local law before transitioning to public roles. Specific casework or firm affiliations from this period remain undocumented in primary records, reflecting a typical entry-level trajectory for attorneys of the era in Jefferson County. This phase of Snyder's career lasted until 1954, when he assumed municipal responsibilities that intersected with his legal expertise.

Business Ventures and Local Public Service

Snyder pursued multiple business interests in , between 1951 and 1962, encompassing farming, dealings, operations, and residential projects. These ventures supplemented his legal practice and reflected his engagement in local economic activities during the post-war expansion period in the region. Concurrently, Snyder contributed to local governance as city attorney for Jeffersontown, a suburb of Louisville, holding the position from 1954 to 1958. In this role, he provided legal counsel to the municipal government, handling matters pertinent to a growing community amid Jefferson County's suburban development. He was also elected as a magistrate for the first district of Jefferson County, further embedding his involvement in grassroots public administration prior to higher elective pursuits.

Entry into Elective Politics

Local Offices and Initial Campaigns

Snyder commenced his public service as city attorney for , holding the position from 1954 to 1958. This role marked the beginning of his political involvement shortly after his admission to the bar in 1954. He was subsequently elected as for the first district of Jefferson County, serving from 1958 to 1962. In this capacity, Snyder addressed local governance issues in the , building a foundation for his Republican political profile in a predominantly Democratic region. Snyder's initial federal campaign occurred in 1960, when he ran unsuccessfully as a Republican candidate for seat in the U.S. . This bid against incumbent Democrat Edward Whitener highlighted Snyder's emerging conservative stance but ended in defeat amid strong Democratic majorities in the state. His local electoral successes as provided visibility and experience that informed subsequent campaigns.

1962 Congressional Election

In the Republican primary for on May 1, 1962, attorney Marion Gene "Gene" Snyder of Louisville, then 34 years old and without prior elective office, won nomination by defeating challenger Jesse Johnson, receiving 9,288 votes to Johnson's 2,095 for an 81.6% share. The district, centered on Louisville and historically Democratic-leaning, featured an open contest against incumbent Democrat Frank W. Burke, who had held the seat since 1959. Snyder's campaign emphasized conservative fiscal restraint and opposition to U.S. foreign aid for and communist-bloc countries, while rejecting John Birch Society claims that the constituted a subversive entity. Snyder's victory on , 1962, represented a narrow Republican gain amid national midterm trends favoring the GOP following President Kennedy's resolution, which muted anti-administration attacks on foreign policy. He defeated with 94,579 votes (50.8%) to 91,544 (49.2%), a margin of 3,035 votes out of 186,123 cast. This upset flipped the district for the first time in over a decade, bucking Kentucky's Democratic dominance in congressional races, though Republicans held only one House seat statewide entering the cycle. Snyder's win aligned with 13 net GOP House pickups nationwide, yet Democrats retained their at 258-177.

Congressional Service

First Term and 1964 Defeat (1963–1965)

Snyder assumed office in the Eighty-eighth United States Congress on January 3, 1963, representing Kentucky's 3rd congressional district centered on Louisville. As one of 176 Republicans in a House controlled by Democrats following the 1962 midterm gains, he focused on conservative priorities amid President Kennedy's agenda, though specific sponsored legislation from his freshman term remains limited in records. He aligned with Republican opposition to expansive federal programs, including reservations on civil rights expansions that risked alienating his district's urban voters. A defining action came in February 1964, when Snyder joined 91 other House Republicans—contrasting the party majority—in voting against the (H.R. 7152), citing concerns over private property rights and federal overreach in Titles II and VII. This stance, shared by only about 20% of House Republicans despite broader GOP support for anti-discrimination measures, drew backlash in his district, home to approximately 78,000 Black residents who mobilized against him. Snyder publicly defended the vote by criticizing civil rights leaders like , further polarizing his base amid national debates. The 1964 election amplified these tensions, coinciding with President Lyndon B. Johnson's over , which propelled Democratic coattails and net House gains of 36 seats nationwide. Snyder lost reelection to Democrat Charles P. Farnsley, former Louisville mayor, in a district shifting toward the national Democratic wave; his civil rights opposition alienated key urban demographics, contributing to the upset despite his 1962 narrow win. He conceded the race, ending his initial congressional tenure on January 3, 1965.

Comeback and Long Tenure (1967–1987)

After his defeat in the 1964 election, Snyder mounted a successful comeback campaign for in 1966, which had been redrawn to include more suburban and rural areas favorable to Republicans. He won the Republican primary on May 24, 1966, defeating a moderate challenger amid party divisions, positioning himself as the conservative standard-bearer. In the general election on November 8, 1966, Snyder secured victory, returning to the House for the 90th Congress (1967–1969) and beginning a decade-long period of electoral dominance in the district. Snyder's long tenure from 1967 to 1987 encompassed service across ten , marked by consistent reelections with substantial margins in a district that shifted toward Republican strength. He prevailed in the 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, and 1984 general elections, often facing Democratic opponents who polled significantly behind, reflecting his appeal among constituents in Jefferson County and surrounding areas. This stability allowed Snyder to build seniority on key committees, contributing to his influence on legislation affecting , particularly in transportation and . In 1986, at age 58, Snyder announced he would not seek a twelfth term, citing a desire to retire after two decades of service despite encouragement from Republican leaders to continue. He endorsed former baseball player as his successor, who won the seat and held it until 1998, ensuring a smooth transition for GOP control of the district. Snyder's decision to step down voluntarily underscored his long-term commitment to the role without overstaying, leaving a legacy of reliable representation for Louisville-area interests.

Committee Roles and Legislative Priorities

Snyder served on the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation throughout much of his tenure, rising to the position of ranking Republican member by the 1980s, where he influenced legislation on highways, bridges, and flood control projects critical to Kentucky's . He advocated for funding allocations that prioritized regional needs, such as opposing cuts to a flood control initiative in his district during the 1984 water projects bill debate. This role enabled him to secure federal support for expansions like the interstate corridor in Louisville, later designated the Gene Snyder Freeway in recognition of his efforts. He also held assignments on the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, focusing on policies affecting riverine commerce and environmental safeguards along the bordering his district. In this capacity, Snyder contributed to bills enhancing maritime safety and , aligning with his broader emphasis on practical over expansive regulatory measures. Snyder's legislative priorities reflected a conservative commitment to fiscal restraint alongside targeted infrastructure investments, sponsoring or cosponsoring measures like transportation reauthorizations that balanced highway funding with deficit concerns. He opposed unchecked spending increases, as evidenced by his criticism of bloated appropriations in transportation debates, while prioritizing bills that delivered verifiable benefits to constituents, such as improved road networks and water resource management. This approach underscored his skepticism of federal overreach, favoring legislation grounded in local economic imperatives rather than broad ideological mandates.

Key Positions and Voting Record

Conservative Ideology

Snyder's conservative ideology emphasized fiscal restraint, limited federal intervention in state affairs, and skepticism toward expansive government programs. As a member of the House Appropriations Committee, he consistently opposed bills he viewed as wasteful, prioritizing targeted district investments over broad spending increases, which aligned with traditional Republican fiscal hawkishness during the post-Great Society era. His support for the 1986 budget reconciliation measure (HR 5300), which aimed to reduce deficits through spending cuts and revenue adjustments, exemplified this approach, earning a "yea" vote in a 305-70 tally on October 17, 1986. In ideological metrics derived from roll-call voting data, Snyder ranked more conservative than 71% of members in the 99th Congress (1985-1987), though he demonstrated moderate tendencies within his party, scoring more liberal than 69% of fellow Republicans and maintaining 77% party unity. This positioning reflected a pragmatic conservatism, blending opposition to federal overreach—such as his "nay" vote against the National Scenic Area Act (HR 5705) on October 16, 1986, which expanded federal land controls—with selective advocacy for infrastructure funding benefiting . Snyder's stance on civil rights legislation underscored a commitment to states' rights, a core conservative tenet in the mid-20th century. He was among the minority of Republicans voting against the (H.R. 7152), passed July 2, 1964, citing concerns over federal mandates infringing on local authority, a position that contributed to his 1964 reelection loss amid national Democratic mobilization. Later, he supported the , indicating evolution toward broader consensus on enforcement while retaining wariness of unchecked centralization. His opposition to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (S. 1200), rejected in a 274-132 vote on October 15, 1986, further highlighted immigration skepticism typical of era conservatives favoring border security over amnesty provisions.

Civil Rights Legislation

Snyder, a conservative Republican representing Kentucky's suburban Louisville district, voted against the (H.R. 7152) when it passed the House 290–130 on February 10, 1964. His opposition aligned with many Southern and conservative members who argued the bill represented excessive federal overreach into , , and business operations, despite prohibiting in public accommodations, employment, and federally funded programs. This stance contributed to his narrow 1964 reelection defeat against Democrat Charles Farnsley, as the district included growing urban areas sensitive to civil rights issues amid national debates following events like the March on Washington. Snyder did not serve during passage of the , having left office in January 1965. Upon regaining his seat in 1967, Snyder's approach to civil rights evolved in line with shifting conservative priorities emphasizing law and order over expansive federal mandates. He supported the (H.R. 2516), which included Title VIII's fair housing provisions banning discrimination in housing sales, rentals, and financing, passing the 250–171 on April 10, 1968. This vote reflected a pragmatic adjustment, as the bill responded to urban riots and focused on enforcement mechanisms rather than broad economic interventions.

Transportation and Infrastructure Advocacy

During his congressional tenure from 1967 to 1987, Snyder served on the House Committee on and Transportation, where he advanced to ranking Republican member and focused on securing federal appropriations for transportation projects in Kentucky's 4th district and beyond. His committee role enabled him to prioritize investments aimed at , flood mitigation, and regional connectivity, often channeling funds through highway trust allocations and authorizations. Snyder advocated successfully for several key bridge projects across the and its tributaries, including federal support for the Clay Wade Bailey Bridge connecting , to , , which opened to traffic on November 25, 1974, after initial construction phases funded under earlier interstate programs. He also secured resources for the "Big Mac Bridge" (), linking , to , dedicated on November 25, 1976, and the Markland Dam bridge spanning and , utilizing targeted statutory provisions to expedite approvals and funding. These efforts addressed critical bottlenecks in cross-state commerce and commuter traffic, with Snyder leveraging his position to counterbalance urban-rural funding disparities in appropriations bills. In flood control and watershed management, Snyder pushed for allocations benefiting communities, obtaining federal dollars for the Jefferson County system and Banklick Creek Watershed project to protect against overflows, which had historically disrupted local economies. Additionally, he contributed to new bridge constructions in Covington and Newport, enhancing urban infrastructure resilience. His persistent advocacy for the partial outer beltway around Louisville culminated in the naming of as the Gene Snyder Freeway in 1987, recognizing his role in obtaining that facilitated its expansion and integration into the regional . These initiatives, totaling millions in federal outlays, supported job creation in and bolstered long-term transportation capacity in a growing .

Elections and Political Challenges

Electoral History

Snyder secured his initial entry to Congress in the 1962 election for , narrowly defeating two-term Democratic incumbent Frank W. Burke with 94,579 votes (50.8%) to Burke's 91,544 (49.2%). His 1964 bid for re-election faltered amid the national Democratic landslide and voter reaction to his opposition to the , resulting in defeat by Democrat Charles R. Farnsley, former mayor of Louisville, by a margin of approximately 20 percentage points. Following , Snyder reclaimed the seat in for the newly configured 4th district as part of the Republican gains in the midterm elections, defeating Democrat Eugene C. Harter Jr. with 66,577 votes (53.9%) to Harter's 56,902 (46.1%). He then won re-election ten consecutive times through , often by substantial margins that demonstrated his entrenchment in the district, though challenges grew closer in later cycles amid shifting national trends.
YearOpponent (Party)Snyder Votes (%)Opponent Votes (%)Outcome
1968Gus Sheehan Jr. (D)65.035.0Won
1972James W. Rogers (D)73.826.2Won
1984William Patrick Mulloy II (D)53.6546.35Won
Snyder opted not to seek re-election in 1986, retiring after two decades in office.

Factors in Victories and Losses

Snyder's defeat in the election for stemmed primarily from the national Republican collapse accompanying Barry Goldwater's presidential loss, which propelled Democrats to a net gain of dozens of House seats amid Lyndon B. Johnson's overwhelming victory margin of over 22 million popular votes. As a freshman Republican aligned with conservative positions, Snyder faced a in a state where Johnson carried , exacerbating local anti-GOP sentiment tied to perceptions of Goldwater's extremism on issues like civil rights and nuclear policy. His opponent, Democrat , capitalized on this tide to reclaim the seat Burke had lost narrowly to Snyder in 1962 by just 1.6 percentage points (50.8% to 49.2%). Snyder's 1966 comeback victory in the redrawn 4th district reflected a midterm Republican resurgence, with the party netting 47 seats nationwide due to voter backlash against escalating costs, program expansions, and rising inflation under Democratic control. Locally, Snyder overcame a GOP from moderates by emphasizing his conservative credentials, the party's right wing in a district encompassing Louisville suburbs and rural counties increasingly receptive to anti-federal overreach messaging. Campaign jingles portraying him as a "working Congressman" helped underscore his and . Subsequent re-elections from 1968 through hinged on Snyder's reputation for constituent services, including vigorous advocacy for federal that benefited Kentucky's transportation needs, fostering in a blending urban Louisville edges with conservative-leaning exurbs. His conservative voting record aligned with the district's evolving demographics, where suburban growth amplified Republican support; even in competitive races like , he prevailed 53.7% to 46.4% against Democrat Pat Mulloy by highlighting seniority-derived pork-barrel projects over partisan national trends. Incumbency advantages, including high from persistent at events, further solidified margins, as evidenced by consistent wins despite occasional Democratic surges in . Snyder retired voluntarily in 1986 rather than risk a post-redistricting , having built a durable local GOP base.

Later Life and Death

Post-Congress Activities

Following his retirement from the U.S. at the conclusion of the 99th Congress on January 3, 1987, Snyder returned to private enterprise in , where he had previously been involved in farming, , , and residential . He maintained residences in Pewee Valley, —located in Oldham County—and wintered in . Snyder did not pursue further elected office or prominent public roles during his two decades of , focusing instead on personal and business interests until his in 2007.

Death and Tributes

Marion Gene Snyder died on February 16, 2007, in , at the age of 79. No specific cause of was publicly reported, though Snyder had undergone heart surgery several years earlier and back surgery more recently, and had complained of not feeling well in the weeks prior. Funeral services took place on February 24, 2007, in , where Snyder was laid to rest. At the service, Minority Leader delivered the eulogy, lauding Snyder's conservative principles, humor, mentorship of younger politicians, and key infrastructure accomplishments such as the Jefferson County Floodwall. Congressional tributes followed in the House, with Representatives Geoff Davis and Harold Rogers highlighting Snyder's 20-year tenure, dedication to conservative causes, rigorous work ethic, and role in fostering economic growth in 's Fourth District via projects including the (known as the Bridge) and the Gene Snyder U.S. Courthouse and Customhouse. In the , entered remarks expressing condolences and recognizing Snyder's contributions to the Commonwealth of .

Legacy and Recognition

Infrastructure Honors

Interstate 265's Kentucky segment, designated as Kentucky Route 841 and locally known as the Gene Snyder Freeway, was named in Snyder's honor for his instrumental role in obtaining federal funding for its development while serving in from 1967 to 1987. Originally referred to as the Jefferson Freeway, this approximately 24.5-mile partial outer beltway encircles the eastern and southern portions of the , facilitating regional connectivity and commerce. The naming recognizes Snyder's advocacy for transportation infrastructure, which included broader efforts to expand highways in . The freeway connects key points such as in Brooks to the Ohio River via the upcoming East End Bridge, alleviating congestion on inner routes like Interstate 264. Ongoing projects, including widening segments from Taylorsville Road to , underscore its continued importance, with state assessments ranking expansions as among Kentucky's highest-priority highway improvements based on traffic volume and safety metrics. In addition to the freeway, the Gene Snyder U.S. Courthouse and Custom House in , was renamed in his honor, reflecting federal acknowledgment of his legislative contributions to and . Constructed in the Classical Revival style and listed on the in 1999, the building serves as a key federal facility handling judicial and customs operations.

Assessment of Contributions

Snyder's most enduring contributions lie in transportation and infrastructure development, where his seniority on the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation enabled him to secure substantial federal funding for projects in . As ranking Republican member from 1983 to 1987, he advocated for highway expansions and beltway construction around Louisville, culminating in the allocation of funds in 1982 for what became a critical outer loop interstate. This work facilitated by alleviating and supporting suburban expansion, with the Gene Snyder Freeway () later named in his honor as a direct testament to his effectiveness in earmarking resources for local needs over broader national priorities. His legislative record on civil rights drew criticism, particularly his vote against the , which aligned with conservative resistance to federal mandates on private businesses and voting protections but contrasted with the higher support among House Republicans (80% yea votes) compared to Democrats (61%). This stance contributed to his narrow defeat in the 1964 election, amid national backlash against Barry Goldwater-aligned positions, though he rebounded in 1966 by emphasizing district-specific issues like flood control and . Snyder later supported the , indicating selective engagement with civil rights measures that preserved while advancing anti-discrimination in housing and employment. Overall, evaluations of Snyder's tenure highlight his pragmatic focus on pork-barrel politics benefiting , mentoring future leaders like , and maintaining a low-profile conservative approach that prioritized fiscal restraint and local advocacy over ideological crusades. Contemporaries praised his committee influence for tangible gains, though detractors noted his opposition to expansive federal interventions in as emblematic of mid-20th-century Southern . His 20-year service record reflects effectiveness in a era of , delivering verifiable improvements in mobility and commerce for his constituents without authoring transformative national legislation.

References

  1. https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/21964
  2. https://www.congress.gov/member/m-snyder/S000669
  3. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2007-pt4/html/CRECB-2007-pt4-Pg4746.htm
  4. https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/historic-preservation/explore-historic-buildings/find-a-building/gene-snyder-us-courthouse-and-custom-house-louisville-ky
  5. https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/S000669
  6. https://voteview.com/person/10626/marion-gene-snyder
  7. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2007/02/19/longtime-kentucky-congressman-gene-snyder-79/89a7f437-52fd-4579-a0c6-6e5a7b7a6054/
  8. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-feb-19-me-passings19.3-story.html
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  15. https://time.com/archive/6624474/the-congress-lyndons-full-house/
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  19. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/05/26/archives/house-race-splits-gop-in-kentucky-conservative-wins-despite.html
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  21. https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal86-1149999
  22. https://www.congress.gov/110/crec/2007/02/27/CREC-2007-02-27-pt1-PgH1942-4.pdf
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  24. https://fascinatingpolitics.com/2023/08/16/the-1964-election-a-game-changer-gop-gets-temporary-licking/
  25. https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2010/may/25/michael-steele/steele-says-gop-fought-hard-civil-rights-bills-196/
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  27. https://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1966election.pdf
  28. https://elect.ky.gov/results/1973-1979/Documents/1972.pdf
  29. https://www.heritage.org/political-process/report/barry-m-goldwater-the-most-consequential-loser-american-politics
  30. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/republican-party-platform-1964
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  32. https://academic.oup.com/book/546/chapter/135289693
  33. https://www.pearsonfuneralhome.com/obituaries/Marion-Snyder?obId=38885536
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  35. https://www.presstelegram.com/technology/20070218/gene-snyder-ky-congressman/
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  38. https://www.wave3.com/story/6137157/gene-snyder-laid-to-rest/
  39. https://www.kentuckyroads.com/i-265/
  40. https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/local/2017/07/05/whats-kentuckys-most-worthy-road-project-widening-part-265/443986001/
  41. https://www.congress.gov/110/crec/2007/02/28/CREC-2007-02-28-pt1-PgS2348.pdf
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