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Geoffrey Hendricks
Geoffrey Hendricks
Geoffrey Hendricks
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Geoffrey Hendricks (July 30, 1931 in Littleton, New Hampshire – May 12, 2018) was an American artist associated with Fluxus since the mid 1960s. He was professor of art at Douglass College, Rutgers University, where he taught from 1956 to 2003 and was associated with Fluxus at Rutgers University, Allan Kaprow, Roy Lichtenstein, and Lucas Samaras during the 1960s.[1]

Hendricks was an active participant in New York Fluxus, and he created performances, books, and art objects that tested the boundaries of art and life, earth and sky, and self and relation. He stood out from many of his Fluxus peers because of his commitment to painting in addition to work in performance and book arts. Hendricks painted skies and clouds on objects, vehicles, textiles, and other materials, creating a dialogue between earth-bound objects and the vision of the limitless sky. Hendricks adopted the name "cloudsmith", a moniker given him by artist compatriot Dick Higgins, for this extensive work depicting skies in paintings, on objects, in installations, and in performances.[2]

In 1971, he and his then wife Bici Forbes (Nye Ffarrabas) separated to pursue same-gender relationships after ten years of marriage. On their anniversary that year, they staged the all-day performance "Flux Divorce" at their home, in which they cut in two their material possessions. This major performance was assisted by George Maciunas and attended by the likes of John Lennon, Yoko Ono, and Jill Johnston. In these years, Hendricks created a series of autobiographical performance works (most notably the 1971 "Ring Piece" performed at Charlotte Moorman's Avant Garde Festival at the Armory in New York City). These performances meditated on his coming out as gay and its relation to his previous experiences, family, and future.[3] Hendricks would publish his journals that came out of these performances, with the 1971 "Ring Piece" book from the Armory performance and the ambitious 1974 performance and book "Between Two Points". Hendricks's work was foundational to queer art, and he would advocate for it throughout his life.[4]

Collaboration was an important feature of Hendricks's performances, artworks, teaching, and archival work. After coming out, Hendricks was partnered with the performance artist Stephen Varble from 1971 to 1973, and the two collaborated on Hendricks's "Silent Meditation" performances in Aachen and London as well as on Varble's play "Silent Prayer" at La MaMa ETC. In 1976, Hendricks became partnered with the painter Brian Buczak. The two would collaborate on a number of performances in the U.S. and Europe,[5] in addition to founding Money for Food Press.[6] The painter Alice Neel did a famous double portrait of the couple.[7] After Buczak died of AIDS related complications in 1987, Hendricks commissioned the composer Philip Glass for a memorial piece and became instrumental in founding the Archive Project that would become part of the organization Visual AIDS., which Hendricks served for many years as a member of the Board of Directors.[8] Throughout the 1980s and 1990s Hendricks did much work to support artists living and working in the AIDS crisis. In 1995, he became partnered with and later married the activist archivist Sur Rodney (Sur) Along with Frank Moore, the two curated the exhibition "A Living Testament to the Blood Fairies" in 1996.[9] Hendricks and Sur would go on to work on collaborative projects relating to archiving, AIDS, and queer memory.

Hendricks was a regular participant in Fluxus festivals worldwide, and he exhibited internationally as part of Fluxus as well as a solo artist. He was renowned by students he mentored over his 48 years of teaching, and for his skill in preparing macrobiotic meals. He was instrumental in bringing experimental art and performance to New York and to Rutgers University, including George Maciunas to stage a controversial "Flux-Mass" and Hermann Nitsch to perform his Orgies Mysteries Theater in 1970.[10] Hendricks also supported programming relating to feminism and gay rights at Rutgers in the 1970s. In 2002, he edited Critical Mass: Happenings, Fluxus, Performance, Intermedia and Rutgers University, 1958–1972, a book that documents the seminal creative activity and experimental work of faculty members such as Bob Watts, Allan Kaprow, George Brecht, Hendricks, and others. Throughout his career, he was committed to civil rights, environmental issues, gay rights, AIDS activism, and the support of fellow artists. As part of a performance for same-gender marriage rights, he presided at the art wedding of Jill Johnston and Ingrid Nyeboe in Denmark.[11]

In 2006, he had solo exhibitions at the Art Gallery of Windsor in Ontario;[12] the Mary Porter Sesnon Art Gallery at the University of California, Santa Cruz; Galerie Esplanade, Bad Ischl, Austria;[13] the Egon Schiele Art Centrum, Český Krumlov, Czech Republic;[14] and taught "Artist as Nomad" at the International Summer Academy, in Salzburg, Austria.[15] Prior to his death in May 2018, he performed "Headstands for Peace", an event organized by Julie Evanoff in Washington Square Park.[16]

Hendricks lived in a converted row house turned into living space, studio, and artwork at 386 Greenwich Street in Manhattan.[17] For decades, Hendricks also maintained a house, farm, and studio in Colindale, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, where he would do much of his contemplative work.[18]

Selected bibliography

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References

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Geoffrey Hendricks

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Geoffrey Hendricks is an American artist known for his lifelong exploration of the sky and clouds in paintings, installations, and performances, earning him the nickname "Cloudsmith," as well as for his deep involvement with the Fluxus movement since the 1960s. He painted skies on traditional canvases as well as unconventional surfaces including pillowcases, a Volkswagen Beetle, and his own body, often incorporating natural and found objects in works that addressed themes of impermanence, desire, and transcendence. Influenced by his Quaker upbringing, Buddhism, the I Ching, and dream journaling, Hendricks blended reverence for craft with avant-garde conceptual approaches throughout his career. A prominent figure in Fluxus, Hendricks created and participated in boundary-stretching events and collaborative projects, most notably the Flux Divorce performance in 1971 with his then-wife, the artist Bici Forbes (later known as Nye Ffarrabas). He taught at Rutgers University for more than four decades, mentoring numerous artists and contributing to arts education while remaining active in experimental practices. Hendricks was also a leader in the queer art community, helping to establish the Archive Project of Visual AIDS in the 1980s, and collaborated with partners including Brian Buczak and Sur Rodney (Sur). Born in 1931 and based for much of his life in New York City, Hendricks died in Manhattan on May 12, 2018. His works are held in major collections, including those of the Museum of Modern Art, where his Fluxus-related pieces highlight his role in the movement's history.

Early Life

Birth and Upbringing

Geoffrey Hendricks was born on July 30, 1931, in Littleton, New Hampshire. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois, where his father taught English and the humanities at Illinois Institute of Technology, and spent summers on the family farm in Marlboro, Vermont.

Education and Early Influences

Geoffrey Hendricks attended the Putney School in Vermont, a progressive educational institution where he first met his future wife, Beatrice Forbes. He went on to Amherst College, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1953. Raised in a Quaker family—his parents were writers, and his father was an English professor who founded Marlboro College—Hendricks was shaped by Quaker values of simplicity, pacifism, and introspection, which informed his early worldview and later artistic practice. During the Korean War, Hendricks applied for and received conscientious objector status due to his Quaker beliefs. He fulfilled his alternative service by teaching chronically ill patients at St. Barnabas Hospital in the Bronx, an experience that coincided with his emerging commitment to art. Concurrently, he studied at the Cooper Union in New York, earning a certificate in 1956, which marked his formal entry into artistic training. He continued his studies at Columbia University, receiving a master's degree in 1962. These educational experiences, combined with his Quaker background and alternative service, laid the foundation for Hendricks' approach to art and pedagogy, leading to his appointment as an instructor at Rutgers University's Douglass College in 1956.

Academic Career

Professorship at Rutgers University

Geoffrey Hendricks joined the faculty at Douglass College, Rutgers University in 1956 as a professor of art. He taught at the institution for 47 years until his retirement in 2003, later transitioning to the Mason Gross School of the Arts, where he became professor emeritus and served as former head of the graduate program. Hendricks was celebrated for his distinctive mentorship approach, characterized by flexibility and encouragement of individual creative exploration. He guided students subtly toward their own discoveries while providing extensive knowledge drawn from his own experiences in the art world. In his performance art classes, he introduced students to a broad spectrum of artists, had them reenact historical works, develop their own performances, and engage in open idea-sharing within a supportive atmosphere. Former students described his teaching as opening possibilities for artistic play and joy, fostering an environment where experimentation was welcomed without undue seriousness. He actively brought experimental artists and exhibitions to campus, creating opportunities for students to interact with contemporary practices and expanding the scope of art education at Rutgers.

Role in Experimental Art Programs

Geoffrey Hendricks played a significant role in advancing experimental and intermedia art at Rutgers University through his organization of groundbreaking events and his efforts to promote progressive themes in programming. In 1970, he organized the controversial Flux-Mass, a Fluxus event staged in collaboration with George Maciunas, which took place at Douglass College and exemplified the radical performance and intermedia initiatives he helped bring to the campus. During the 1970s, Hendricks supported programming focused on feminism and gay rights, contributing to a more inclusive and socially engaged environment within the university's art department. His commitment to documenting and reflecting on this era culminated in his editing of the book Critical Mass: Happenings, Fluxus, Performance, Intermedia and Rutgers University, 1958–1972, published in 2003, which provides a comprehensive account of the avant-garde activities at Rutgers, including the contributions of Fluxus-affiliated artists and faculty. This publication underscores Hendricks' lasting impact on experimental art education and his role in preserving the history of innovative programs he helped shape at the institution.

Fluxus Involvement

Association with Fluxus Movement

Geoffrey Hendricks became associated with the Fluxus movement in the mid-1960s, joining the avant-garde network centered in New York City that emphasized ephemeral performances, intermedia works, and challenges to traditional art forms. This involvement placed him among key figures in the movement's New York scene during its most active early phase. Hendricks collaborated with Fluxus founder George Maciunas on several projects, including the Flux Divorce album in 1973, which documented a performative event blending personal and artistic elements. His connections extended to other Fluxus artists, contributing to the group's collective ethos through shared events and publications. As a regular participant in Fluxus festivals and exhibitions worldwide, Hendricks helped sustain the movement's global presence from the 1960s onward, appearing at events in various countries and continuing to organize Flux-related activities into later decades. His ongoing commitment reinforced Fluxus principles of accessibility, humor, and experimentation within the international art community.

Key Performances and Collaborations

Geoffrey Hendricks produced several notable Fluxus performances that intertwined personal transformation with the movement's emphasis on events, rituals, and ephemera. One of his most recognized works was the Flux Divorce, performed on June 24, 1971, with his then-wife Bici Forbes (also known as Nye Ffarrabas), in which they symbolically severed their marriage through ritual actions including cutting their wedding document. The event was assisted by Fluxus organizer George Maciunas and attended by figures such as John Lennon and Yoko Ono. This performance publicly marked Hendricks's transition toward queer life following their mutual decision to end the heterosexual marriage. Later in 1971, on November 19, Hendricks enacted Ring Piece as a 12-hour silent meditation at the 8th Annual Avant Garde Festival held at the 69th Regiment Armory in New York City. Dressed in formal white-tie attire, he sat atop a large mound of dirt cordoned off by red ropes, writing entries in a red diary while occasionally ringing a small bell tied to his ring finger; beneath the mound were buried relics from his marriage and the Flux Divorce, including halves of the marriage certificate, bed, and other personal items symbolizing closure and rebirth. The performance was later documented in the 1973 book Ring Piece: The Journal of a Twelve Hour Silent Meditation, published by Something Else Press, which reproduced his real-time writings and drawings. Hendricks also formed significant artistic collaborations during this period. He worked with performance artist Stephen Varble between 1971 and 1973 on Fluxus-related projects. From 1976 until Buczak's death in 1987, he maintained a close personal and creative partnership with artist Brian Buczak, with whom he shared a home and artistic life in New York. In 1974, Hendricks staged Between Two Points (also titled Fra Due Poli), a series of three landmark performances that were documented and issued as the editioned book and artwork Between Two Points in 1975. In his later career, he continued Fluxus-inspired actions through Headstands for Peace, performed in various international locations to evoke joy and promote peace. These upside-down headstand actions, which he began in the 1960s and continued into old age, remained a recurring motif in his public interventions.

Artistic Practice

Sky and Cloud Motifs

Geoffrey Hendricks became widely recognized for his preoccupation with sky and cloud imagery, a theme that dominated much of his artistic output and earned him the nickname "Cloudsmith," bestowed by fellow Fluxus artist Dick Higgins. This moniker reflected his enduring focus on depicting clouds at different times of day and in varying atmospheric conditions across diverse media. He painted blue skies and white clouds in acrylic on canvas and watercolor on paper, capturing the shifting, impermanent nature of the heavens. Hendricks extended his sky motifs beyond traditional supports, applying them to everyday objects and surfaces to create a poignant contrast between the terrestrial and the celestial. He adorned textiles such as pillow cases, vehicles including a Volkswagen Beetle, and found items like wooden shipping crates with cloud-filled skies, transforming mundane objects into carriers of expansive, ethereal space. This practice often evoked a dialogue between earth-bound, functional items and the boundless sky, underscoring themes of impermanence, desire, and potential transcendence drawn from his observations of nature and interests in Buddhism and the I Ching. His fascination with the sky as an eternal, all-encompassing realm manifested in representations of infinite, intangible firmaments where constantly changing cloud formations invited viewers to lose themselves in contemplation. Through these works, Hendricks explored the symbolic potential of the heavens as a space of endless possibility, free from the constraints of the physical world. He also incorporated sky imagery into installations featuring natural and found elements, such as ladders, chairs, and rocks, further emphasizing the interplay between grounded materials and the overhead expanse.

Notable Works and Exhibitions

Geoffrey Hendricks created numerous notable works and Fluxus editions, many of which are preserved in institutional collections such as the Museum of Modern Art, which holds 18 of his works, primarily Fluxus-related objects and multiples. One of his key early pieces is Sky Crated (1965), an oil on canvas and wood assemblage featuring a wooden shipping crate painted with sky and clouds, acquired as part of the Gilbert and Lila Silverman Fluxus Collection Gift. Around 1970, he produced Flux Reliquary, a plastic box containing various media objects presented as pseudo-religious relics, further exemplifying his contributions to Fluxus multiples. The Flux Divorce Album (1973), created in collaboration with Nye Ffarrabas (formerly Bici Forbes Hendricks), George Maciunas, and Peter Moore, documented his Flux Divorce event. Hendricks also authored several books linked to his performances and autobiographical projects. Ring Piece (1973), published by Something Else Press, documented his twelve-hour silent meditation performance at Charlotte Moorman’s Avant Garde Festival. Between Two Points (1974) accompanied an ambitious autobiographical performance and was later published in an expanded edition as Between Two Points / Fra Due Poli in 1976. In his later career, Hendricks presented solo exhibitions including shows at the Art Gallery of Windsor in Ontario in 2006 and at Galerie Esplanade in Bad Ischl, Austria, also in 2006. His works have appeared in significant group exhibitions, such as Thing/Thought: Fluxus Editions, 1962–1978 at the Museum of Modern Art from 2011 to 2012.

Personal Life

Marriage to Bici Forbes and Flux Divorce

Geoffrey Hendricks was married to the artist Bici Forbes, who performed under the Fluxus name Nye Ffarrabas, from 1961 until their separation in 1971. Their ten-year marriage coincided with their shared involvement in the Fluxus movement, where they collaborated on experimental works and events. In 1971, Hendricks and Forbes staged the "Flux Divorce," an all-day Fluxus performance that served as their ceremonial divorce, with Fluxus founder George Maciunas assisting as officiant and witness. The event took place at 80 Wooster Street in SoHo, New York, and involved the couple performatively dividing their shared possessions and marital assets. Hendricks symbolically took the sky and clouds, while Forbes took the earth and water, reflecting Fluxus principles of absurdity, ritual, and conceptual action in dissolving their union. The Flux Divorce marked a pivotal transition in Hendricks' personal life. Following the performance, he shifted to same-gender relationships.

Later Partnerships and Residences

Geoffrey Hendricks' later personal life featured several committed partnerships that supported his artistic and activist endeavors. Following his earlier marriage, he was in a relationship with the performance artist Stephen Varble from 1971 to 1973. From 1976 to 1987, Hendricks partnered with Brian Buczak, an artist and curator whose death from AIDS-related causes in 1987 deeply affected Hendricks and contributed to his increased involvement in AIDS-related activism and visual arts initiatives. In 1995, Hendricks began a long-term relationship with the artist and curator Sur Rodney (Sur), whom he later married. The couple shared a deep personal and professional bond until Hendricks' death. In 1976, Hendricks acquired a historic rowhouse at 386 Greenwich Street in New York City's Tribeca neighborhood, which served as his primary residence and a lively hub for Fluxus activities, performances, and artistic gatherings until 2018. He also maintained a secondary home and farm on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, providing a rural retreat where he and his partners could escape the intensity of city life and engage with nature.

Activism and Advocacy

LGBTQ+ Visibility and Performances

Geoffrey Hendricks was one of the pioneering openly gay artists in the Fluxus movement, using performance to express and affirm his sexual identity during a period when such visibility was uncommon in avant-garde circles. In the early 1970s, following his Flux Divorce performance in 1971, he created autobiographical performances that reflected his coming out as gay, blending personal narrative with Fluxus's emphasis on life-art intersections. These works positioned him as an early gay performance artist central to Fluxus, helping to introduce queer themes into the movement's experimental practices. In 1993, Hendricks presided over the commitment ceremony for feminist writer Jill Johnston and Ingrid Nyeboe, a public same-gender "art wedding" held in Odense, Denmark that celebrated queer union through artistic ritual and highlighted LGBTQ+ visibility in the art community. This Fluxus-organized event underscored his ongoing commitment to promoting queer representation via performance.

AIDS Crisis Support and Visual AIDS

Geoffrey Hendricks' engagement with the AIDS crisis deepened profoundly after the death of his partner Brian Buczak from AIDS-related complications in 1987. In tribute, Hendricks commissioned composer Philip Glass to create String Quartet No. 4, subtitled "Buczak," as a memorial work. This piece was written in remembrance of Buczak and stands as a meditative reflection on loss and healing. The personal tragedy spurred Hendricks to advocate for preserving the artistic legacies of those lost to AIDS. He initiated conversations with curator Bill Olander about exhibiting Buczak's work, which expanded into collaborative discussions with artists and curators including Frank Moore and David Hirsh. These efforts led to the founding of the Archive Project, which evolved into a core program of Visual AIDS dedicated to documenting and presenting the history of HIV/AIDS within the arts. Hendricks served as a long-time member of the Visual AIDS Board of Directors for over a decade, including a term as Board President, and remained a steadfast supporter of the organization's mission to steward the creative contributions of HIV-positive artists and those lost to the epidemic. He co-curated the exhibition A Living Testament to the Blood Fairies in 1996 with Sur Rodney (Sur) and Frank Moore, an effort that highlighted the intersections of art, queer identity, and AIDS through archival and community-focused presentation.

Death and Legacy

Final Years and Performances

In his later years, Geoffrey Hendricks continued performing his signature Headstands for Peace, a recurring action he carried out internationally as a peaceful gesture and form of queer resistance that invited viewers to experience the world from an inverted perspective. These performances often involved collaboration and persisted into his advanced age, including a joint headstand with Beth Stephens at the opening of his flux boxes exhibition at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2006. One of his final documented instances took place in Washington Square Park, New York, organized by Julie Evanoff. That same year, Hendricks taught the course "Artist as Nomad" at the International Summer Academy of Fine Arts in Salzburg, Austria. Hendricks maintained a long-term house, farm, and studio in Colindale, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, where he conducted much of his contemplative work over many years. This remote setting supported reflective practices that aligned with his ongoing interest in sky and cloud motifs. He hosted artistic gatherings there, including a weeklong celebration for his 80th birthday in 2011 that featured performances, soundings, and installations by collaborators.

Recognition After Death

Following his death on May 12, 2018, Geoffrey Hendricks received tributes in major art publications and media outlets that underscored his enduring contributions to Fluxus and experimental art. Artforum published a notice of his passing, describing him as the "Cloudsmith" whose sky-themed paintings, installations, and performances defined his career. The New York Times obituary highlighted his Fluxus involvement, sky motifs, and boundary-pushing performances, including the 1971 Flux Divorce, while noting his long teaching tenure at Rutgers University. In 2019, PBS's State of the Arts aired a segment remembering Hendricks as a founding member of the Fluxus group at Rutgers, celebrating his ability to bring joy through art rooted in intermedia experimentation and performance. Visual AIDS published an extensive in memoriam tribute that detailed his foundational role in developing The Archive Project to preserve legacies of artists lost to AIDS, including co-curating major exhibitions drawn from it, such as “Art’s Communities / AIDS’ Communities” (1996) and others in the 1990s and 2000s. Community members described him as a guiding force in queer artistic resistance, a mentor who affirmed creative lives amid loss, and a figure whose open-hearted presence and Fluxus-inspired play embodied upside-down possibilities for LGBTQ+ art histories. His works and influence persist in Fluxus collections at institutions worldwide, where his intermedia and performance-based practices continue to inform scholarship on experimental art and queer visibility. Hendricks' advocacy during the AIDS crisis, particularly through Visual AIDS, has cemented his place in histories of LGBTQ+ art activism, with his efforts to document and honor affected artists remaining a vital archival legacy.

References

  1. https://klausgallery.com/artist/the-estate-of-geoffrey-hendricks/
  2. https://www.artforum.com/news/geoffrey-hendricks-1931-2018-239145/
  3. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/22/obituaries/geoffrey-hendricks-86-attention-getting-fluxus-artist-dies.html
  4. https://www.moma.org/collection/artists/2591
  5. https://time.com/archive/6606539/education-town-meeting-college/
  6. https://www.wral.com/story/geoffrey-hendricks-attention-getting-fluxus-artist-dies-at-86/17572679/
  7. https://www.reformer.com/ovation/geoffrey-hendricks-thought-beyond-the-box/article_eef93c1f-4f5b-5920-9d38-796d196bb02f.html
  8. https://visualaids.org/blog/in-memoriam-geoffrey-hendricks
  9. https://www.rutgers.edu/news/celebrating-movement-born-tumultuous-60s-and-nurtured-rutgers
  10. https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-geoffrey-hendricks-17376
  11. https://www.macdowell.org/artists/geoffrey-hendricks
  12. https://www.artforum.com/columns/geoffrey-hendricks-1931-2018-2-239373/
  13. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/128070
  14. https://vtdigger.org/2023/07/10/john-killacky-celebrating-fluxus-artist-nye-ffarrabas/
  15. https://monoskop.org/images/b/b8/Getsy_David_J_2022_The_Spectacle_of_Privacy_Geoffrey_Hendrickss_Ring_Piece_and_the_Ambivalence_of_Queer_Visibility.pdf
  16. https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/ring-piece
  17. https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/visiting-artists-geoffrey-hendricks/
  18. https://fluxusmuseum.org/geoffrey-hendricks/
  19. https://klausgallery.com/exhibition/geoffrey-hendricks-land-sky-dreams-2024-10-25/
  20. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/135578
  21. https://collection.kunsten.dk/artworks/6e01e77a-99bd-4b1e-9570-f3179b4f16e3
  22. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/131929
  23. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00043079.2022.2036021
  24. https://www.fondazionebonotto.org/en/collection/fluxus/hendricksgeoffrey/5/819.html
  25. https://web.archive.org/web/20160317230154/http://www.artgalleryofwindsor.com/
  26. https://web.archive.org/web/20060210173833/http://www.galerie-esplanade.at/
  27. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/obituaries/geoffrey-hendricks-fluxus-artist-dies-at-86.html
  28. https://brooklynrail.org/2018/06/in-memoriam/Geoffrey-Hendricks-1931-2018/
  29. https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/geoffrey-hendricks-brian-buczak-sur-rodney-sur-residence-studio/
  30. https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/from-the-archives-a-critics-same-sex-wedding-in-denmark-63091/
  31. https://whitney.org/artists/11181
  32. https://philipglass.com/compositions/string_quartet_4/
  33. https://www.nycaidsmemorial.org/projects-library/performance-philip-glass-string-quartet-no-4-buczak-performed-by-mivos-quartet
  34. https://www.pbs.org/video/fluxus-artist-geoffrey-hendricks-blnlmt/
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