Giuseppe Moscati (25 July 1880 – 12 April 1927) was an Italian doctor, scientific researcher, and university professor noted both for his pioneering work in biochemistry and for his piety. Moscati was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1987; his feast day is 16 November.

Moscati was the seventh of nine children born to a noble Beneventene family which came from the village of Santa Lucia in Serino, near Avellino. His father, Francesco, was well known as a lawyer and magistrate in the area; his mother, Rosa De Luca dei Marchesi di Roseto, was of noble birth.

The family moved from Cassino to Benevento in 1877 following his father's appointment as president of the Benevento court, and for a time was lodged Via San Diodato, near the Sacred Heart of Jesus hospital, later moving to Via Porta Aurea. Giuseppe Maria Carlo Alfonso Moscati was born at one o'clock in the morning on 25 July 1880, in the Rotondi Andreotti Leo Palace. The child was baptised in the same place, six days after his birth (31 July), by the priest Innocenzo Maio.

In commemoration of Moscati's ties to the area, a marble statue would later be erected in the Blessed Sacrament chapel of Benevento Cathedral. At eight years of age, on 8 December 1888, 'Peppino' (as he was called and as he liked to sign himself in his personal correspondence) received his First Holy Communion from Monsignor Enrico Marano in the Sanctuary of the Ancelle del Sacro Cuore (Handmaids of the Sacred Heart), where Moscati later often met Blessed Bartolo Longo, destined to become the founder of the Marian Shrine of Pompei. Next to the church lived Caterina Volpicelli, later declared a saint, with whom the family developed a spiritual bond. Caterina was eventually to become one of the most important spiritual guides in Moscati's later life.

In the meantime, his father, promoted in 1881 to the post of Court of Appeal counsellor, moved as a consequence with his family to Ancona, but in 1884 they moved back to Naples again, when he was transferred to the Court of Appeal there. This time the family settled first of all at 83 Via Santa Teresa al Museo, moving later to live on Piazza Dante at Port'Alba, and finally at 10 Via Cisterna dell'Olio. Moscati would spend much of the rest of his life in the Naples. During these early years the family spent its summers in Avellino, and there Giuseppe would have seen his father serve at the altar in the local chapel of the Poor Clares whenever the family attended Mass there.

After finishing his elementary schooling in 1889, Moscati was admitted to the Liceo Vittorio Emanuele II in Naples, where among his professors was the vulcanologist Giuseppe Mercalli. He showed interest in studying from an early age, and was awarded the 'honours high school diploma' in 1897.

In 1892 Giuseppe's brother, Alberto, received incurable head trauma in a fall from a horse during his military service. Observing the care which Alberto received at home inspired in Giuseppe an interest in medicine, and following the conclusion of his secondary studies in 1897, he embarked on university medical studies. In that same year his father died from a cerebral haemorrhage. According to biographer Marini, Giuseppe saw the work of a medical doctor as a sort of priesthood.

On 3 March 1900, he received the sacrament of confirmation at the hands of Pasquale de Siena, Auxiliary Bishop of Naples.