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Going After Cacciato is an anti-war novel written by Tim O'Brien and first published by Delacorte Press in 1978. The novel is set during the Vietnam War. It is told from the third person limited point of view of an American soldier, Paul Berlin. Cacciato, one of Berlin's squadmates, goes absent without leave (AWOL) to walk from Vietnam to Paris. The nonlinear narrative follows Berlin's imagined chase of Cacciato across Eurasia; it is interspersed with Berlin's memories of the Vietnam War prior to Cacciato's departure.

Key Information

Going After Cacciato won the 1979 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.[1]

Plot and themes

[edit]

The main conceit of Going After Cacciato is that American soldiers in Vietnam were required to walk nearly constantly; by Tim O'Brien's estimation, the total distance walked in a standard tour of duty was as far as walking in a straight line from Vietnam to Paris.

Cacciato, an American soldier who is unintelligent but self-sufficient, happy, and untroubled by the larger questions of the war, goes AWOL. He intends to walk from Vietnam to Paris. Cacciato is pursued by Paul Berlin and the rest of the squad.

The protagonist, Paul Berlin, is a frustrated American soldier. While on watch duty one night, Berlin thinks about the past and daydreams about going to Paris. He remembers Cacciato's desertion and imagines a journey in which Cacciato made it successfully to Paris, pursued by Berlin and the squad the entire way. The courage it takes to chase one's dreams is a recurring theme which is often expressed through Paul Berlin's reveries.

Typical of many stories that deal with themes of psychological trauma, Going After Cacciato is ambiguous about the nature, order, and reality of events that occur. The chronology is nonlinear for most of the book. Surreal events occur, such as Cacciato flying off a mountain, or the squad falling into an endless tunnel complex and, finding no exit, simply deciding to fall out of the tunnels to escape.

Characters

[edit]
  • Paul Berlin - Narrator and protagonist, Paul Berlin imagines the prolonged chase after Cacciato. In his mind, Cacciato and Berlin's squad eventually reach Paris.
  • Cacciato - The soldier from Berlin's squad who goes AWOL with the intention of reaching Paris. Cacciato is frequently described by his squadmates as unintelligent and he is shown to be dangerously unconcerned in combat. His first name is not known; Cacciato is his last name, meaning "hunted" or "caught" in Italian.
  • Sarkin Aung Wan - A Burmese refugee, and later Berlin's romantic interest, who saves the squad many times as she accompanies them on the journey to Paris.
  • Doc Peret - The medic in Berlin's squad. He sometimes uses M&M's as medicine for those under his care, usually as a way to calm down the over-reactive and the dying. He enjoys philosophical debates.
  • Oscar Johnson - A Black soldier in Berlin's squad. He says that the cold weather in Vietnam reminds him of Detroit in the month of May, which he calls "lootin' weather." It is implied that despite his posturing and claims, Johnson is not from Detroit: his mail comes from and goes to Maine, he cannot name recent players from any Detroit sports teams, and one of his nicknames is "the nigga from Ba Haba." Johnson is responsible for convincing the squad that Lieutenant Martin must be killed.
  • Lieutenant Sidney Martin - The West Point-educated previous lieutenant of the platoon containing Berlin's squad. Martin insists on following military standard operating procedures (SOPs). One of the official SOPs he follows is the process of searching tunnels prior to collapsing them with explosives; the unofficial but widely accepted procedure is to simply collapse the tunnels without searching them. Martin firmly enforces the official SOP, leading to the deaths of Frenchie Tucker and Bernie Lynn. The squad's refusal to search tunnels solidifies after the deaths and they attempt to plead with Martin, but he sternly restates that they must search tunnels before collapsing them. In the end, all the men in the squad agree to kill Martin. The circumstances of Martin's death are not specified except that it occurs while he is in the tunnels. It is repeatedly implied that Oscar Johnson fragged Martin.
  • Frenchie Tucker - A soldier who dies in a tunnel after being shot through the nose.
  • Bernie Lynn - A soldier who is fatally shot below the throat when he tries to retrieve Frenchie Tucker from the tunnel.
  • Lieutenant Corson - Frequently referred to simply as "the lieutenant", Corson takes command of the platoon containing Berlin's squad after Lieutenant Martin dies. Corson is a career soldier who has been demoted from captain to lieutenant twice. He is nominally the commanding officer of Berlin's squad as they follow Cacciato, though he is often ill with dysentery. As the soldiers move west from Vietnam through Asia and Europe, Corson feels he is too old for the war and wants to return to his home. Doc diagnoses Corson as suffering from nostalgia and homesickness. When the squad stops in the Indian city of Delhi, Corson is temporarily cured when he meets a woman, a married hotelier who had studied in Baltimore, Maryland. He becomes sick again when the squad moves on.
  • Stink Harris - A violent soldier who leads Berlin's squad and suffers from ringworm.
  • Harold Murphy - A soldier in Berlin's squad who carries an M60 machine gun. Early on, Murphy leaves the mission to retrieve Cacciato since he feels it is pointless.
  • Eddie Lazzutti - A soldier in Berlin's squad who is proud of his voice and so typically carries the squad's radio.
  • Captain Fahyi Rhallon - An officer of the Iranian SAVAK who arrests the squad in Tehran.
  • Billy Boy Watkins - A soldier from Berlin's squad who dies on the first day Berlin sees combat. Watkins dies after he stepped on a defective land mine which severs his foot. Although not mortally wounded, Watkins enters a state of shock and dies. Doc Peret claims Watkins died of fright. The death of Watkins is frequently referred to and jokes about by the soldiers, sometimes accompanied by a short song that the squad sung about his death. The jokes and songs the squad make about Watkins demonstrate how the soldiers cope with the death around them by morphing tragedy into comedy to lessen their fear.
  • Buff - A soldier whose nickname is short for "Water Buffalo". Buff is known for his big size. He dies while the platoon is trying to cross a field. Berlin commonly refers to his death as "life after death" because Buff's face remains in his helmet after he is killed.
  • Jim Pederson - A religious soldier who distributes pictures of Jesus Christ to villagers. He is afraid of flying, and after a hard descent in a Chinook helicopter, a disoriented Pederson wades through a rice paddy with his eyes closed. He steps into the line of fire of the Chinook's door gunners and is shot multiple times. As Pederson dies, he attempts to shoot down the departing Chinook with his M16 rifle.
  • Ready Mix - A soldier who had died during the assault of a hill in the Highlands. No one knew his real name; a common superstition among soldiers in Vietnam was that it was best not to get to know people who might die at any time.
  • Rudy Chassler - A soldier who dies after stepping on a land mine.
  • Ben Nystrom - A soldier who shot himself in the foot to ensure he would be discharged from active duty.
  • Vaught - A soldier who is discharged from service after losing an arm to infection from a self-inflicted bayonet wound.

Style

[edit]

The Famous Authors website writes, "His incorporation of metaphysical approach attributed a rich quality to his writing style. ... According to him, sometimes the fictional truth is more realistic than [the] factual one. It is because of the fact that fictional truth appeals to the emotion and feelings which makes the literature more meaningful."[2]

As a Study Guide notes, the story is told in the third person from Paul Berlin's point of view. Paul Berlin's narrative jumps from his current situation to a (possibly) imaginary observation post where he is on guard duty, to another imaginary trip from Vietnam to Paris, chasing a deserter named Cacciato.[3] Berlin's last name suggests the divisions in his thinking, moods, and desires; Berlin, Germany was divided by the victorious powers following World War II, and remained so at the time of the novel's writing.

Readers have found many passages puzzling; the LitCharts editors explain, "There are scenes in the novel that seem extremely realistic, scenes that require the suspension of disbelief, and some scenes that are nothing short of impossible — indeed, the plot of the book itself (a group of US soldiers travels all the way from Vietnam to Paris in search of a soldier from their platoon who has wandered off) sounds like a fairy tale. ... The issue, then, is understanding O'Brien's blend of the believable and the unbelievable, and incorporating it into our comprehension of the book... One of the most common phrases critics used to describe Going After Cacciato, at least at the time, was 'magical realism.'"[4]

An example occurs in Chapter 36 (entitled, fittingly, "Flights of Imagination")

A miracle, Paul Berlin kept thinking. It was all he wanted -- a genuine miracle to confound natural law, a baffling reversal of the inevitable consequences. ... A miracle, he thought, and closed his eyes and made it happen. And then a getaway car -- why not? It was a night of miracles, and he was a miracle man. So why not? Yes, a car. Cacciato pointed at it, shouted something, then disappeared.[5]

The reality of Cacciato himself has been put in doubt by some critics. Interior evidence suggests that Paul Berlin might be conflating Cacciato with himself. Paul thinks that

There was something curiously unfinished about Cacciato. Open-faced and naive and plump, Cacciato lacked the fine detail, the refinements and final touches, that maturity ordinarily marks on a boy of seventeen years. The result was blurred and uncolored and bland. You could look at him then look away and not remember what you'd seen.[6]

He also sees Cacciato's face in the moon floating above the squad[7] and as "fuzzy, bobbing in and out of mist" (p. 10) -- pretty much in any environment in which Paul Berlin finds himself.

Paul Berlin occasionally finds himself explaining or translating for Cacciato. When the men first leave their post and first spot Cacciato in the mountains, they see through binoculars that he opens his mouth to speak; then thunder roars. The other soldiers speculate that Cacciato is trying to emulate a chicken, trying to squawk and fly. It is Paul who tells the lieutenant that what Cacciato said was "Good-bye." (p. 11)

Florman and Kestler argue that "At many points, it's suggested that the story of Berlin's journey from Vietnam to Paris — in other words, the plot of the novel we're reading — is a story Berlin is telling himself as a way of coping with his fear and anxiety. It's as if the more fantastic parts of the book are playing out in one man's head — not because he believes they could really happen, but because he needs to believe in something."[4]

Critical reception

[edit]

Richard Freedman, writing in The New York Times and suggesting that Cacciato is a Christ figure, said, "By turns lurid and lyrical, Going After Cacciato combines a surface of realistic war reportage as fine as any in Michael Herr's recent Dispatches with a deeper feel -- perhaps possible only in fiction -- of the surrealistic effect war has on the daydreams and nightmares of the combatants. To call Going After Cacciato a novel about war is like calling Moby Dick a novel about whales." Freedman sees influences by Ernest Hemingway and says, "...far from being a high-minded, low-voltage debate on the rights and wrongs of Vietnam, Going After Cacciato is fully dramatized account of men both in action and escaping from it."[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Going After Cacciato

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
is a novel by American author Tim O'Brien, first published in 1978 by Delacorte Press. Set during the , the book blends memoir-like accounts of combat with an extended imaginative pursuit by a U.S. Army of Private Cacciato, a soldier who deserts his unit with the quixotic plan of walking from to to join the peace talks. Narrated primarily by squad member Paul Berlin during a solitary night watch, the story alternates between grim realities of patrols and ambushes and the hallucinatory, picaresque journey through , probing themes of , , and the blurred line between truth and invention in wartime experience. The novel received the in 1979, recognizing O'Brien's innovative structure and psychological depth in depicting the moral ambiguities of the conflict. Drawing from O'Brien's own service as an infantryman, it exemplifies his recurring exploration of as a means to process trauma, distinguishing it from more conventional war narratives through its metafictional elements and emphasis on internal quests over battlefield heroics. Critics have praised its evocative portrayal of soldiers' psyches, though some note its experimental form demands active reader engagement to disentangle the nested realities.

Publication and Historical Context

Authorial Background

Tim O'Brien was born on October 1, 1946, in Austin, Minnesota, and spent much of his childhood in the nearby town of Worthington. He attended Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1964 to 1968, earning a bachelor's degree in political science summa cum laude. During his undergraduate years, O'Brien engaged deeply with anti-war sentiments amid the escalating Vietnam conflict, which shaped his early political views and later literary themes of moral ambiguity in warfare. Two weeks after graduating from Macalester, O'Brien was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1968. He served as an infantryman from February 1969 to March 1970 with Alpha Company, 5th Battalion, 46th Infantry Regiment, 198th Infantry Brigade of the Americal Division, performing duties as a rifleman and radio telephone operator. During his tour, he was wounded twice and rose to the rank of sergeant, experiences that provided the raw material for his depictions of soldiers' psychological strains, including fear, duty, and escapist fantasies, as explored in Going After Cacciato. Following his discharge, O'Brien briefly resumed graduate studies in government at Harvard University from 1970 to 1975 without completing a dissertation, and worked as a national affairs reporter for The Washington Post in 1973–1974. He transitioned to writing full-time, publishing his debut memoir If I Die in a Combat Zone: Box Me Up and Ship Me Home in 1973, which drew directly from his Vietnam service to examine the ethical dilemmas of combat. His second novel, Northern Lights (1975), preceded Going After Cacciato (1978), a work that fictionalizes squad pursuits and imaginative desertions rooted in O'Brien's observations of wartime morale and unreality, earning the National Book Award for fiction in 1979. O'Brien's oeuvre consistently blends autobiographical elements with invention, reflecting his belief in storytelling as a means to process trauma without claiming literal truth.

Composition and Release

Tim O'Brien composed Going After Cacciato as his first novel, following the 1973 publication of his memoir If I Die in a Combat Zone: Box Me Up and Ship Me Home, which drew directly from his Vietnam War service from 1969 to 1970 in the U.S. Army's Americal Division. The novel emerged from O'Brien's efforts to process the psychological toll of the war, including feelings of guilt associated with participation despite personal opposition to the conflict, transforming autobiographical elements into a blend of realism and fantasy. Written in the mid-1970s while O'Brien pursued graduate studies and journalism, the work reflects his evolving approach to storytelling as a means of confronting moral ambiguities of duty and desertion. The novel was first published in 1978 by Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence in New York. It garnered critical acclaim and received the National Book Award for Fiction in 1979, recognizing its innovative narrative structure and exploration of war's absurdities. Subsequent editions, including a 1999 reprint by Broadway Books, sustained its readership amid growing interest in Vietnam literature.

Vietnam War Milieu

The escalated its military involvement in Vietnam following the on August 2 and 4, 1964, which prompted Congress to pass the authorizing expanded operations against North Vietnamese forces. By 1968, U.S. troop levels had surged to a peak of approximately 549,500 personnel, reflecting President Lyndon B. Johnson's strategy of gradual escalation to support against communist insurgents and North Vietnamese regulars. This buildup supported search-and-destroy missions aimed at attriting enemy forces, but the war's asymmetric nature—characterized by North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and (VC) guerrilla tactics—proved resistant to conventional firepower, with U.S. forces relying on air strikes, , and helicopters to counter elusive opponents. The , launched on January 30, 1968, marked a pivotal escalation in the conflict, as over 80,000 NVA and VC troops coordinated attacks on more than 100 targets across , including Saigon and the U.S. Embassy. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces repelled the assaults, inflicting heavy enemy losses estimated at 45,000 killed, but suffered around 12,727 casualties, including over 2,600 fatalities, exposing vulnerabilities in intelligence and urban defense. Militarily a tactical defeat for the communists, Tet shattered perceptions of progress, as graphic media coverage of the fighting—such as street battles in Hue—amplified domestic disillusionment with the war's protracted costs. American infantrymen endured grueling jungle conditions in South Vietnam's triple-canopy forests and rice paddies, where humidity, monsoons, and dense vegetation exacerbated risks from VC booby traps, ambushes, and networks used for infiltration and supply. Guerrilla tactics blurred front lines, with enemies blending into populations and employing hit-and-run raids that inflicted psychological strain, as soldiers faced constant threats without clear battlespaces; one in ten U.S. servicemen became casualties, contributing to losses of 58,148 killed and 304,000 wounded among 2.7 million deployed. These realities fostered a sense of futility, as superior U.S. often failed to translate into strategic gains against an adaptive foe sustained by North Vietnamese resolve and logistics. At home, the drafted over 1.8 million men between 1964 and 1973, disproportionately affecting working-class and minority youth due to deferments for college students and exemptions for certain occupations, fueling perceptions of inequity. Public support eroded post-Tet, with anti-war protests surging—culminating in events like the clashes—and draft resistance, including over 200,000 evasion cases, reflecting broader opposition to a war seen as morally ambiguous and increasingly unwinnable. By 1968, polls showed majority disapproval of escalation, pressuring policymakers amid rising fiscal burdens exceeding $168 billion.

Narrative Structure

Plot Summary

is narrated by Paul Berlin, a young, inexperienced infantryman in the U.S. Army's Alpha Company, stationed in during 1968. The story centers on Cacciato, a cheerful but dim-witted soldier who deserts his unit by embarking on an audacious overland journey from to , intending to petition the U.S. embassy there for peace talks. Bert Corson, the aging and ailing , dispatches Third Squad—including Berlin, the cynical Oscar Johnson, and others—to apprehend the deserter. The narrative employs a non-linear structure, interweaving three primary threads: gritty, realistic accounts of the squad's brief, failed pursuit along the Song Tra Bong River, where Cacciato slips into ; vivid flashbacks to earlier patrols marked by casualties, such as the of Specialist Fourth Class Watkins from fright during combat and the platoon's against the gung-ho Sidney Martin, whom they frag for his reckless orders; and Berlin's elaborate, fantastical imagining of the full chase across and . In Berlin's imagination—conceived while he stands solitary watch at a Quang Ngai observation post from midnight to dawn—the squad traverses tunnels in Laos, bazaars in Mandalay and Delhi, mountains in Iran, and cities like Tehran, Athens, and Luxembourg, facing arrests, betrayals, and surreal perils, including a periscope-wielding Viet Cong in a tunnel and desertions by squad members like Stink Harris and Harold Murphy. Berlin conjures a romantic liaison with Sarkin Aung Wan, a clever Vietnamese refugee who urges pursuit of dreams over duty. The imagined odyssey culminates in , where the squad confronts Cacciato in the , but Berlin's reverie fractures upon a real-world on a Vietnamese hillside, revealing Cacciato's actual fate as an accidental casualty of a set by the . This blend underscores Berlin's internal struggle, transforming the into a for elusive amid war's futility.

Key Narrative Techniques

Going After Cacciato employs a complex, tripartite narrative structure that interweaves three distinct threads: present-tense reflections from Paul Berlin's observation post during guard duty in Vietnam, non-chronological flashbacks recounting the squad's real experiences leading to Cacciato's desertion, and an extended imaginative sequence depicting the squad's fantastical overland pursuit of the deserter from Quang Ngai to Paris. This framework, spanning 46 chapters with 23 segments alternating between reality and fantasy alongside 10 dedicated observation post sections, creates a nonlinear progression that culminates in a circular return to Berlin's watchtower, mimicking the disorienting psychological fragmentation induced by combat. Central to the novel's technique is the seamless blending of empirical reality with escapist fantasy, wherein the Paris pursuit emerges as Berlin's elaborate daydream constructed amid the monotony and terror of sentry duty, drawing on personal memories, literary allusions (such as Alice in Wonderland), and cinematic tropes to reframe the war's futility as a heroic quest. This ambiguity—revealed gradually through juxtapositions that link reflective insights across threads—underscores storytelling as a displacement mechanism for repressed trauma, where "happening truth" (verifiable events like squad deaths) yields to "story truth" (emotional and philosophical resonance), challenging readers to discern fact from fabrication. Such metafictional layering, akin to Freudian dream-work, employs condensation to distill sprawling war experiences into archetypal characters and pivotal incidents, as in the compressed depictions of Frenchie Tucker's and Bernie Lynn's fates, omitting quotidian details to heighten symbolic impact. O'Brien's stylistic versatility further amplifies these techniques through a modernist fusion of realism, , naturalism, and , characterized by Hemingway-esque sentence rhythms, repetitive motifs (e.g., the word "firing" invoked 48 times in the " Bravo" chapter), and dynamic verbs that build via varying lengths and intensities. Pictorial arrangements, such as Berlin's visualized letters recounting events, and ironic motifs (e.g., "Bravo" signaling peril rather than excellence) serve as objective correlatives for internal states, while the interpretive revision of fragmented plots echoes the war's inherent confusion, fostering an anti-war through escapist yet ultimately illusory resolution.

Characters and Characterization

Protagonist and Squad Members

Paul Berlin serves as the protagonist and first-person narrator of Going After Cacciato, a young and inexperienced American infantryman in the U.S. Army during the , whose internal monologues and daydreams frame much of the narrative as he grapples with fear, guilt, and the psychological toll of combat. Berlin's character embodies the novel's exploration of as an escape from wartime horrors, as he constructs an elaborate fantasy of pursuing the AWOL soldier Cacciato to while on night watch, reflecting his desire for order and heroism amid chaos. His observations of the landscape and fellow soldiers highlight his introspective nature, though he remains passive and untested in direct or . The squad pursuing Cacciato consists of Berlin and several comrades under the reluctant command of Lieutenant Corson, a middle-aged, dysentery-afflicted officer who assumes leadership after the death of the previous lieutenant, Sidney Martin, and embodies the weariness of prolonged service. Corson, described with blue eyes and a frail demeanor, questions the mission's futility but proceeds due to military obligation, often deferring to the men's input despite his rank. Key squad members include Doc Peret, the platoon medic who provides pragmatic, philosophical commentary on survival and rationality, frequently challenging the group's decisions with logical skepticism. Other prominent squad members are Eddie Lazzutti, a tough, street-smart soldier from who favors aggressive action and embodies raw physicality; Stink Harris, known for his crude humor and fixation on vengeance after personal losses, such as the death of a ; and Harold Murphy, a more reserved figure whose quiet presence underscores the squad's collective trauma. These individuals, drawn from the 303rd , represent diverse responses to the war's absurdities—ranging from bravado to resignation—while their interactions during the imagined pursuit reveal fractures in and . The squad's dynamics, marked by bickering and improvised strategies, highlight the erosion of in remote operations, as they navigate tunnels, mountains, and borders in Berlin's fabrication.

Symbolic Figures

Cacciato embodies the soldiers' collective yearning for escape from the War's brutality, serving as a symbol of triumphing over grim . Portrayed as a simple, persistent deserter marching toward —a evoking historical peace treaties—his figure represents unattainable freedom and the fantasy of as true . In Paul Berlin's fabricated , Cacciato assumes saint-like, traits, such as effortless endurance and moral detachment from duty, highlighting the allure of detachment amid obligation's weight. This symbolism culminates in the revelation that Cacciato's pursuit stems from Berlin's guilt over accidentally killing him, underscoring as a coping mechanism for war's psychological toll. Li Van Hgoc, the imagined Vietcong major confined to the tunnel network, symbolizes the enemy's unyielding perspective and the war's inherent chaos, offering insights into Vietnam's unforgiving terrain as an adversary itself. Residing in subterranean isolation for a , Hgoc personifies resilience forged by adversity, contrasting American soldiers' disorientation with native adaptability. His declarations, such as "the land is your enemy," reinforce the futility of U.S. intervention, framing the conflict as a mismatched struggle against an environment that favors the defender. Through 's reveries, Hgoc allegorizes the blurred moral lines of warfare, humanizing the foe while exposing the invaders' illusions of control. Deceased squad members like Bernie Lynn and Frenchie Tucker function as spectral symbols of war's inescapable trauma and the Pyrrhic nature of valor. Lynn's posthumous Silver Star, awarded for venturing into a tunnel to retrieve Tucker, epitomizes bravery's lethal irony, where heroism yields only death amid subterranean perils. These figures haunt Berlin's consciousness, representing the persistent guilt and futility that imagination cannot fully evade, as their losses underscore duty's hollow cost in an absurd conflict. Harold Murphy further illustrates disillusionment, his abandonment of heavy weaponry after the lieutenant's demise symbolizing rejection of martial pretense in favor of personal survival.

Themes and Motifs

Courage, Fear, and Duty

In Going After Cacciato, Tim O'Brien examines not as conventional heroism but as the moral resolve to confront the war's , exemplified by Cacciato's audacious to walk from to for a petition, an act that defies military hierarchy and invites execution under Article 85 of the . This pursuit, imagined by protagonist Paul Berlin during a night of tower guard duty on , 1968, reframes bravery as imaginative rebellion against futile orders, contrasting with the squad's rote patrols amid Quang Ngai Province's tunnels and ambushes, where erodes resolve. O'Brien, drawing from his own 1968-1969 service, posits that true lies in sustaining personal integrity amid systemic breakdown, as Cacciato's evasion highlights soldiers' internalized dread of both combat and labels. Fear permeates the narrative as a psychological force more corrosive than physical threats, manifesting in Paul Berlin's chronic anxiety during endless watches and patrols, where boredom amplifies the terror of unseen enemies in Vietnam's booby-trapped terrain. O'Brien depicts this through squad members' hallucinations and breakdowns—such as Eddie Corson's fixation on or Stink Harris's rage-fueled killings—revealing how distorts , turning into mechanical survival rather than purposeful action. Berlin's internal monologues underscore 's grip, as he envies Cacciato's escape while paralyzed by the squad's expectation to "go after" him, blurring with rational in a war O'Brien critiques for its 58,220 American fatalities by 1975 without strategic gain. This , rooted in the draft's coercion of unwilling youths like Berlin (inducted at 21), undermines ideals, exposing war's causal chain from failures to individual trauma. Duty emerges as a contested obligation, pitting military command against ethical imperatives, with the squad's imagined 8,500-mile trek symbolizing adherence to capture deserters despite the war's pointlessness, as evidenced by O'Brien's portrayal of fruitless searches yielding only "tunnel rats" and civilian casualties. Paul Berlin grapples with this tension, questioning whether duty demands enforcing absurd pursuits or rejecting them, as Cacciato does by embodying anti-war dissent through non-violent evasion, akin to historical figures like Muhammad Ali's 1967 draft refusal. Critics note O'Brien's subversion here: duty's fulfillment in reality—failing to catch Cacciato—affirms the imagination's role in preserving sanity, yet reinforces institutional loyalty's hollowness, as soldiers like Lieutenant Corson prioritize protocol over moral reckoning with Vietnam's 2 million civilian deaths. Ultimately, O'Brien illustrates duty's fragility, eroded by fear yet occasionally redeemed through courageous introspection, challenging readers to discern obligation's true locus beyond rote obedience.

Imagination Versus Reality

In Going After Cacciato, Tim O'Brien juxtaposes the brutal empirical realities of the —such as operations, ambushes, and the deaths of squad members like Billy March and Bernie Lynn—with Paul Berlin's vivid, escapist imaginings of pursuing the AWOL soldier Cacciato on foot across to the . This contrast underscores how soldiers' psyches fracture under combat stress, leading to fabricated narratives as a mechanism for psychological survival rather than mere . Berlin's fantasy quest, detailed in interleaved chapters, transforms the squad's futile mission into a heroic odyssey replete with encounters in , , and , symbolizing a yearning for agency and moral clarity absent in the war's actual futility, where orders from Quang province devolve into absurd violence without strategic gain. O'Brien, drawing from his own 1969-1970 tour in Vietnam's 3rd , Alpha , 5th Battalion, 46th Infantry, illustrates this through Berlin's night-watch vigils on the tower in November 1968, where boredom and trauma prompt the mental reconstruction of events, blurring chronological causality and verifiability. Critics interpret this interplay as a metafictional of itself, where imagination does not supplant but refracts reality, exposing the inadequacy of linear "true" accounts to capture trauma's discontinuity; for instance, the "real" death of Pederson by contrasts with imagined triumphs, highlighting how fantasy imposes coherence on irreducible chaos. Such devices reflect documented strategies, including dissociation and , corroborated in post-war psychological studies of veterans reporting up to 30% rates of PTSD with features by the 1980s. Ultimately, the novel posits imagination not as evasion but as a vital, if illusory, bulwark against reality's demystifying horror, with Cacciato's capture in revealed as Berlin's , affirming the war's inescapable grip.

Absurdity and Futility of War

The novel portrays the futility of the Vietnam War through the squad's repetitive, purposeless missions, such as manning observation posts that yield no tangible results despite prolonged vigilance, underscoring the conflict's lack of strategic and the soldiers' in cyclical routines. Paul Berlin's reflections highlight this pointlessness, as patrols often end without encounters, reinforcing a sense of existential idleness amid constant peril. Critics have noted that these elements draw from O'Brien's own service, where empirical realities like the war's protracted duration—over 5,000 U.S. deaths by 1969 without decisive victories—amplified perceptions of operational meaninglessness. Absurdity emerges in the narrative's core conceit: Cacciato's improbable toward on foot, a quixotic evasion of borders and armies that defies logistical and exposes the war's arbitrary rules. This imagined pursuit satirizes logic, as the squad's hypothetical journey encounters surreal obstacles—like navigating Indian tunnels or Iranian bureaucracies—that the irrationality of Vietnam's and command structures. O'Brien employs this to illustrate causal disconnects, where soldiers' actions, governed by elusive objectives, produce outcomes detached from , akin to the war's broader failure to achieve despite deploying over 500,000 troops by 1968. The blurring of fact and fantasy in Berlin's mind serves as a meta-commentary on war's psychological toll, where imagination becomes a refuge from futility, yet ultimately reinforces the conflict's inherent by rendering "truth" indeterminate. As one observes, the questions how "facts separated from possibilities," mirroring soldiers' disorientation in a war defined by invisible enemies and unverifiable threats. This technique aligns with literary viewing O'Brien's work as a realist critique of Vietnam's surreal , where over 58,000 U.S. fatalities stemmed from engagements often lacking clear purpose, evoking Camus-like without resolving into .

Style and Literary Devices

Blending Genres

"Going After Cacciato" fuses the conventions of realism with the romantic quest genre, structuring its narrative around a realistic frame of soldiers' experiences interspersed with a fantastical pursuit imagined by the protagonist, Specialist Fourth Class Paul Berlin. This hybrid approach juxtaposes the brutal, mundane details of patrols, ambushes, and casualties—drawn from O'Brien's own service in 1969–1970—with an escapist odyssey where Berlin's platoon tracks deserter Cacciato across Asia to via absurd routes, including underground tunnels and an improbable crossing. The quest narrative parodies adventure tropes, transforming the platoon's mission into a picaresque journey marked by surreal encounters, such as polite interrogations by Vietnamese officials or hallucinatory peace talks, which blend black humor and to underscore war's psychological toll. O'Brien's technique employs elements of magical realism and non-linear to dissolve boundaries between verifiable events and fabricated heroism, reflecting how soldiers invent narratives to cope with trauma and moral ambiguity. This blending elevates the beyond traditional fiction, using the romance of pursuit as a to combat's harsh truths, thereby probing themes of as both refuge and illusion.

Language and Imagery

O'Brien's in Going After Cacciato is characterized by a plain, terse style that employs short, clipped sentences to convey the immediacy and intensity of combat experiences, particularly in realistic depictions of such as the "Landing Zone Bravo" sequence. This modernist approach integrates elements of realism, , naturalism, and , allowing for a seamless alternation between factual observations and speculative fantasy. Repetition of key terms, such as "firing" appearing 48 times in a single chapter, unifies chaotic action and amplifies its psychological weight on characters like Paul Berlin. The narrative language further employs implicit storytelling, creating a "carefully controlled net of unstated meaning" that requires readers to infer connections, mirroring the uncertainty and confusion of soldiers in Vietnam. Sensory details abound, immersing readers in the physical realities of war through descriptions of relentless rain, clinging mud, fungal growths on skin, the sharp cracks of booby traps, and the visceral grip of terror on the body. These elements blend gritty authenticity with ambiguity, enhancing the novel's exploration of truth in wartime narratives. Imagery in the novel vividly captures war's brutality via graphic, violent scenes, such as recurring visions of Cacciato's head exploding and scattering brain matter, which underscore the sudden, irreversible fragility of amid . Sensory and environmental depicts landscapes "mangled" and "wounded" by warfare, evoking the devastation inflicted on both and inhabitants during Berlin's entry into battlefields. Symbolic contrasts heighten thematic depth: protective figures like Berlin's father, "," represent warmth and refuge against war's chaos, while the blank, grey faces of generals symbolize the dehumanizing monotony and emotional toll on leadership and troops. Motifs in imagery, such as cold versus hot (fear's chill against the heat of gunfire) and ominous shadows (e.g., from descending helicopters), reinforce the opposition between nightmare-like and the escapist Eden of . This fusion of realistic and fantastical visuals blurs boundaries between observation and imagination, using objective correlatives to externalize characters' inner fears and desires without overt exposition.

Critical Reception and Analysis

Awards and Initial Response

Going After Cacciato received the National Book Award for Fiction in 1979, recognizing its innovative narrative structure and exploration of the Vietnam War experience. The award, presented by the National Book Foundation, highlighted the novel's ability to blend factual war reporting with imaginative pursuit, distinguishing it among contemporary fiction. Upon its publication in February 1978, the novel garnered favorable initial critical response for its vivid depiction of soldiers' psychology and the surreal elements of combat. A New York Times review described passages that evoked strong personal identification with protagonist Paul Berlin's internal conflicts, praising the authenticity of its emotional flashes amid the war's chaos. Similarly, Kirkus Reviews commended O'Brien's "revulsion, pity, and sheer documentary vividness" in rendering real Vietnam experiences, though it noted the fantasy sequences as less compelling than the grounded wartime scenes. This early acclaim, emphasizing the book's psychological depth over traditional war narratives, positioned it as a standout in Vietnam literature and paved the way for its award recognition.

Scholarly Interpretations

Scholars have interpreted Going After Cacciato as a profound exploration of the psychological mechanisms soldiers employ to navigate the Vietnam War's trauma, particularly through the blurring of factual and fictional narratives. Rebekah Smith analyzes the novel's structure, where Paul Berlin's imagined pursuit of the deserter Cacciato to —spanning from October 1968 to April 1969—interweaves with real events confined to a single night at an on November 20, 1968, creating a "labyrinth of stories both real and imagined." This duality, Smith contends, reflects Berlin's dissociation and lack of purpose, symptoms akin to (PTSD), as he uses fantasy to reclaim agency in a chaotic environment devoid of heroism. Smith further posits that O'Brien employs storytelling as a therapeutic tool, echoing the author's belief that "stories can save us," by enabling Berlin to reorder war's discontinuities—such as the accidental deaths of comrades like Billy Boy Watkins and Frenchie Tucker—into coherent, meaningful sequences. In this view, Berlin's fantasies redefine not as valor but as imaginative endurance, contrasting his real-life during , where prompts hiding rather than action. This interpretation underscores the novel's metafictional layer, where invention critiques the inadequacy of traditional heroism amid modern conflict's absurdity. Other analyses frame the novel's historical details as illuminating the Vietnam War's inherent flaws, portraying it as a "bad" war marked by futility and moral ambiguity. Wenwen Li examines O'Brien's depiction of specific wartime elements, such as and booby traps, to argue that these ground the fantasy pursuit in empirical realities, revealing how soldiers' imaginations serve as escapes from an unjust conflict's grind. Li suggests this historical anchoring aids readers in grasping the war's causal disarray, where individual agency dissolves into systemic incompetence, thus amplifying themes of versus . Critics like Brian Chanen extend this to themes of guilt, heroism, and survival, viewing Berlin's internal conflict as a on the survivor's burden: pursuing Cacciato symbolizes an unattainable moral victory, while reality enforces passive endurance. This reading aligns with broader scholarly consensus that O'Brien's work challenges romanticized narratives, prioritizing causal realism in trauma's aftermath over glorified exploits.

Criticisms and Debates

Some critics have faulted the novel's structure for its repetitive framing device and labored integration of fantasy sequences, arguing that these elements overshadow the vivid realism of the flashbacks and create an uneven narrative pace. The fantasy journey pursuing Cacciato across Asia is described as clumsy and less compelling than the grounded depictions of combat, potentially diluting the story's emotional impact. Character development has drawn scrutiny, particularly for secondary figures like the Vietnamese refugee Sarkin Aung Wan, whom reviewers have called fabricated or obligatory to the plot rather than psychologically nuanced, serving more as a symbolic mouthpiece than a fully realized individual. This portrayal has sparked debate over gender dynamics in O'Brien's , with some analyses questioning whether characters reinforce identification tropes that prioritize fantasy over authentic representation. The blending of gritty war realism with surreal escapism has prompted scholarly contention about genre classification, as contemporaries struggled to categorize the work amid its oscillation between documentary authenticity and hallucinatory pursuit, raising questions of whether the fantasy undermines or enhances the critique of war's futility. Moral ambiguities further fuel debate: the novel's ambiguity between cowardly desertion and principled evasion blurs lines of duty and courage, with interpreters divided on whether it indicts American exceptionalism or inadvertently romanticizes evasion from an unwinnable conflict. Later comparisons often position it below O'Brien's subsequent works like The Things They Carried for sustained thematic depth, though its experimental form remains defended for capturing the psychological disorientation of Vietnam service.

Legacy and Influence

Impact on War Literature

Going After Cacciato, published in 1978, earned the in 1979, marking it as a pivotal work in literature and elevating Tim O'Brien's profile beyond his earlier If I Die in a Combat Zone. The novel's innovative structure—alternating between the Paul Berlin's real observation-post duties and imagined pursuits of the deserter Cacciato to —challenged linear, documentary-style war narratives prevalent in earlier works like Philip Caputo's A Rumor of War (1977), instead emphasizing psychological fragmentation and the interplay of fact and fiction to convey the war's disorienting effects. This approach positioned the book as arguably the most complex and literary novel emerging from the experience, influencing how subsequent authors depicted the subjective toll of combat rather than solely tactical or historical accounts. The novel's legacy lies in its foregrounding of storytelling as a mechanism amid chaos, a theme that resonated in O'Brien's later The Things They Carried () and echoed in broader by prioritizing internal quests for meaning over . Critics have noted its role in shifting toward postmodern techniques, such as unreliable and , which critiqued the inadequacy of traditional forms to capture moral ambiguity and trauma without romanticization. By blending absurd fantasy with gritty realism, Going After Cacciato demonstrated how imaginative escape could reveal deeper truths about futility and conscientious objection, inspiring analyses that view stories not as objective records but as constructed narratives shaped by survivors' guilt and hindsight. In academic contexts, the work endures as a staple for studying war's representation, with its versatile style—employing nested stories and observation-post vignettes—prompting scholarly debates on authenticity in versus . Its impact extended to redefining the genre's boundaries, encouraging later texts to explore soldiers' mental landscapes over battlefield spectacle, though some analyses critique its inward focus for potentially underemphasizing geopolitical causes in favor of personal reverie. Overall, the novel's enduring influence stems from its rigorous interrogation of reality's limits in wartime, cementing O'Brien's contributions to a literature that privileges experiential over ideological certainty.

Adaptations and Cultural References

Romulus Linney adapted Going After Cacciato for the stage, with the script commissioned by the Epic Repertory Theatre in , where it was scheduled for production in spring 2004. No major film or television adaptation of the novel has been produced, despite occasional speculative mentions in literary discussions of narratives. The book has been referenced in cultural critiques of war media, including comparisons to films like for its blend of realism and in depicting soldier psychology. It also appears in contemporary film reviews as an exemplar of hallucinatory war fiction, influencing interpretations of pursuit and escape motifs in works like Disco Boy.

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