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Graham Leonard
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Graham Leonard
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Graham Douglas Leonard KCVO[1] (8 May 1921 – 6 January 2010) was an English Roman Catholic priest and former Anglican bishop. His principal ministry was as a bishop of the Church of England but, after his retirement as the Bishop of London, he became a Roman Catholic, becoming the most senior Anglican cleric to do so since the English Reformation. He was conditionally ordained to the priesthood in the Roman Catholic Church and was later appointed a monsignor by Pope John Paul II.[2]

Early life

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Born on 8 May 1921, Leonard was the son of Douglas Leonard, an Anglican priest, and his wife Emily Leonard (née Cheshire). He was educated at Monkton Combe School near Bath and at Balliol College, Oxford. During the Second World War he was commissioned into the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, rising to the rank of captain. He spent the latter part of the war attached to the Army Operational Research Group for the Ministry of Supply. He then attended Westcott House theological college in Cambridge. He was ordained as a deacon in 1947 and as a priest the following year.[3]

Early ministry

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Leonard was a curate in St Ives, Huntingdonshire, and at Stansted, Essex. He then spent three years as vicar of Ardleigh, Essex. In 1957 he became a residentiary canon of St Albans Cathedral and the diocesan director of religious education. His long association with the Diocese of London began in 1962 when, before becoming the Bishop of Willesden (a suffragan bishopric in the diocese) in 1964, he was appointed as Archdeacon of Hampstead and as rector of St Andrew Undershaft with St Mary Axe in the City of London.[4]

Episcopal ministry

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Leonard had three episcopal positions in the Church of England, firstly as the suffragan Bishop of Willesden in the Diocese of London and later as the diocesan Bishop of Truro (1973 to 1981) and the Bishop of London (1981 to 1991).[5][6][7][8] During this last period he was also Dean of the Chapel Royal,[9] a Royal Household office, for which he was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO).[10] He was also Prelate of the Order of the British Empire.[11]

As the Bishop of London, Leonard was admired for his pastoral concern for female staff at Church House and had a considerable number of female workers in parishes in his diocese. He was notable for ordaining 71 women as deacons at St Paul's Cathedral on 22 March 1987,[12] but he remained an outspoken critic of moves to ordain women to the priesthood within the Anglican Communion.

In 1989, Leonard co-authored a book titled Let God be God with two Anglican theologians examining the issue of inclusive language in the church, giving particular attention to inclusive God language, of which they were especially critical:

this God and Lord ... is revealed to us as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Try as we may, we cannot see how we can accept God's self-revelation without also accepting that God has chosen to use certain male symbols and male language to express to us the kind of God 'he' is. To cease to use these terms is, to us, to discard that revelation."[13]

Leonard retired during May 1991.[14]

Ordination in the Roman Catholic Church

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After his retirement Leonard left the Church of England to become a Roman Catholic. On 23 April 1994 he was conditionally ordained as a priest (but not as a bishop) in the Roman Catholic Church. Although the Roman Catholic Church does not recognise the validity of Anglican ordinations, Leonard's ordination was conditional due to there being "prudent doubt" about his previous ordination in the Church of England, because at Leonard's own consecration in 1964 a bishop of an Old Catholic church of the Union of Utrecht (whose own ordination as a bishop was recognised as valid by the Roman Catholic Church) was among the bishops who consecrated him.[15] This eased his reception into the Roman Catholic Church, although his claim that he was legitimately a bishop and his request for a personal prelature were rejected.[16]

Leonard stated that he was not first ordained a deacon[citation needed] in the Roman Catholic Church and that Pope John Paul II's personal instruction was that he should be ordained immediately to the priesthood sub conditione. He was later appointed a papal chaplain with the title Monsignor and then a prelate of honour by the Pope on 3 August 2000.[17]

Family

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Leonard married Priscilla Swann in 1943, and was therefore the brother-in-law to the academic Michael Swann and Hugh Swann, cabinet maker to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. He and his wife had two sons.

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Nine portraits of Leonard (1962 by Elliott & Fry and 1979 by Bassano and Vandyk) are owned by the National Portrait Gallery.[18]

References

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Graham Leonard

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Graham Leonard (8 May 1921 – 6 January 2010) was a British prelate who served as an Anglican bishop in the Church of England, culminating in his tenure as Bishop of London from 1981 to 1991, before converting to the Roman Catholic Church in 1994, where he was ordained a priest and later appointed a monsignor and prelate of honour. He is widely regarded as the most senior Anglican clergyman to enter full communion with Rome since the Reformation, a move prompted by his longstanding theological convictions and opposition to developments such as the ordination of women to the priesthood in the Church of England. Born in England to an evangelical clergyman father, Leonard was educated at Monkton Combe School and Balliol College, Oxford, where he read botany before serving in the military during the Second World War. Ordained in 1947, he held various parochial and diocesan roles, including Director of Religious Education in the Diocese of St Albans and General Secretary of the National Society for Promoting Religious Education, before being consecrated Suffragan Bishop of Willesden in 1964. He later served as Bishop of Truro from 1973 to 1981 and as Bishop of London from 1981 to 1991, during which time he was appointed a Privy Counsellor and Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, and sat in the House of Lords. A prominent Anglo-Catholic and conservative voice, he played a key role in strengthening religious education provisions in the 1988 Education Reform Act and consistently opposed ecumenical schemes and changes to church order that he viewed as compromising Anglican Catholicity, most notably leading opposition to the ordination of women as priests. He retired as Bishop of London in 1991. Following the General Synod's approval of women priests in 1992, and after careful preparation, Leonard was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1994 and conditionally ordained a priest in Westminster. His wife Priscilla followed shortly thereafter, and he continued his ministry through parish work, preaching, lectures, and spiritual direction while maintaining a particular devotion to Our Lady of Willesden. Regarded as an energetic pastor, shrewd negotiator, and polarizing yet influential figure, Leonard's journey reflected a lifelong commitment to sacramental integrity, objective revelation, and Eucharistic devotion, earning respect across traditions despite divisions over ecumenism and church reform.

Early Life and Education

Birth and Family Background

Graham Douglas Leonard was born on 8 May 1921 in Greenwich, London, England. He was the son of Douglas Leonard, an Anglican priest, and Emily Leonard (née Cheshire). His father served as an evangelical Anglican parish priest, establishing a clerical heritage within the Church of England that influenced Leonard's early environment.

Education

Graham Leonard attended Monkton Combe School near Bath, where he was educated in a strict evangelical tradition that emphasized individual conscience, biblical literalism, and loyalty, honesty, and clear thinking. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, in 1940 and studied botany, completing a shortened wartime degree course due to the Second World War. During his time at Oxford, he met fellow botany student Priscilla Swann, whom he married in 1943.

Military Service in World War II

Graham Leonard served in the British Army during the Second World War from 1941 to 1945. He was commissioned into the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry, where he served as a company commander. In 1944, he was seconded to the Ministry of Supply, where he worked on operational research related to fuses. Upon demobilisation in 1945, he returned to civilian life and resumed his path toward theological training.

Ordination and Early Ministry

Theological Training and Ordination

Following his demobilisation from wartime service, Graham Leonard attended Westcott House, Cambridge, for his theological training. He was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England in 1947 and as a priest in 1948. Following ordination, he took up a curacy at St Andrew's, Chesterton, Cambridge.

Parish Roles and Early Positions

He served further curacies at St Ives, Huntingdonshire, and Stansted, Essex. These were followed by his appointment as vicar of Ardleigh, Essex, where he served for three years and revived the life of the parish through energetic pastoral work.

Diocesan Appointments

In 1955, Graham Leonard was appointed director of religious education in the Diocese of St Albans and became an honorary canon, later residentiary, of St Albans Cathedral. During this period he developed a reputation as a defender and promoter of church schools. In 1958 he became general secretary of the National Society for Promoting Religious Education and secretary of the Church of England Schools Council. He later became Archdeacon of Hampstead, an office he held in plurality with the rectorship of St Andrew Undershaft with St Mary Axe in the City of London. These appointments reflected his growing involvement with the Diocese of London. He continued in these diocesan roles until his consecration as Bishop of Willesden in 1964.

Episcopal Career

Bishop of Willesden (1964–1973)

In 1964, Graham Leonard was appointed suffragan Bishop of Willesden in the Diocese of London and was consecrated that same year. His consecration included participation by an Old Catholic bishop. During his tenure, Leonard administered the north London territory with notable independence, treating the area as if it were his own diocese. He devoted considerable time to the pastoral care of his clergy and the parishes under his oversight. He held the position of Bishop of Willesden until 1973.

Bishop of Truro (1973–1981)

Graham Leonard was appointed Bishop of Truro in 1973, following the retirement of Bishop Robert Stopford from the see of London and the succession there by Bishop Gerald Ellison. He served as diocesan bishop until 1981, when he was appointed Bishop of London. Leonard felt at home in the diocese's strong Anglo-Catholic tradition and quickly established admirable relations with the local Methodists, despite Cornwall's Methodist majority and their prior opposition to Anglican-Methodist unity proposals; he was dedicated to close cooperation with the Methodist Church throughout the county. In his first year, he visited 130 parishes to engage with the diocese. He oversaw elaborate celebrations for the diocese's centenary in 1977. Leonard also established an advisory board to promote the use of the Cornish language in services. While fulfilling his diocesan duties, he took on growing national responsibilities within the Church of England, often traveling to London via overnight train.

Bishop of London (1981–1991)

Graham Leonard served as Bishop of London from 1981 until his retirement in May 1991. As holder of the third most senior see in the Church of England, he held the ex officio positions of Dean of the Chapels Royal and Prelate of the Order of the British Empire. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1981 upon his appointment and was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1991. On 22 March 1987, Leonard ordained 71 women as deacons at St Paul's Cathedral in what was reported as the largest such ordination of women in Christian history up to that point. While he supported ordaining women to the diaconate, he remained an outspoken critic of proposals to ordain them to the priesthood.

Theological Views and Controversies

Opposition to Ordination of Women

Graham Leonard was a prominent and influential opponent of the ordination of women to the priesthood in the Church of England, becoming a leading figure in the resistance as legislation on the issue began advancing through the General Synod in 1984. As Bishop of London, he treated opposition to women's priestly ordination as an absolute theological position, asserting that such ordinations would damage the church, compromise the gospel, and prove incompatible with Catholic order and objective revelation. Prior to the General Synod's February 1987 vote to begin preparing legislation for women priests, Leonard had threatened to divide the church or leave it if the measure succeeded, and he had indicated intentions to seek a special relationship with Rome or other churches for dissidents. Following the Synod's decision (317–145) to proceed with preparations, he publicly retreated from those threats, stating he would not divide the church, leave it, or pursue negotiations with Rome, describing the next phase as a slow exploratory process among Anglicans. In May 1987, he reiterated his opposition during a visit to California, characterizing support for women's ordination as an effort by those who believe the Gospel can be modified and that it challenged scriptural authority. Leonard took direct action against the ministry of women priests in one instance by invoking the law of trespass to prevent 100 men and women from receiving the ministration of a female priest ordained abroad. While steadfastly opposing women as priests, he personally ordained 71 women as deacons at St Paul’s Cathedral on 22 March 1987. In 1989, he co-authored the book Let God be God with Iain MacKenzie and Peter Toon, which criticized the use of inclusive language in theological and liturgical contexts.

Other Ecumenical and Liturgical Positions

Graham Leonard held several positions in ecumenical advisory and doctrinal bodies while expressing reservations about certain forms of Protestant ecumenism. He served as chairman of the Central Religious Advisory Committee for the BBC and the Independent Broadcasting Authority, an ecumenical body guiding religious content in broadcasting. He represented the Church of England as an elected delegate to the fifth Assembly of the World Council of Churches held in Nairobi in 1975. Leonard was a member of the Commission for Anglican/Orthodox Joint Doctrinal Discussions and served as one of the Archbishop of Canterbury's counsellors on foreign relations. He frequently participated in reunion discussions and visited other provinces of the Anglican Communion. Leonard emerged as a prominent opponent of the proposed Anglican-Methodist union scheme in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He argued that the scheme's deliberate ambiguity about the unification of ministries raised fundamental theological concerns and served as a leading spokesman for Anglo-Catholic resistance. His efforts contributed to the scheme's rejection by the General Synod in May 1972, and he co-authored the dissenting report Growing into Union with Eric Mascall, J. I. Packer, and Colin Buchanan. He also opposed subsequent covenanting proposals for unity with Free Churches. Overall, while sympathetic to Rome, Leonard remained critical of ecumenical initiatives involving churches of the Reformation. In liturgical matters, Leonard promoted frequent reception of the Eucharist and produced his own parish communion book to support this practice.

Conversion to Roman Catholicism

Retirement from Anglican Ministry

Graham Leonard retired as Bishop of London in May 1991, concluding a decade in one of the most senior positions in the Church of England. Having reached the customary retirement age for bishops, he stepped down from active Anglican episcopal ministry and relocated to his home in Witney, Oxfordshire. Three years after his retirement, in 1994, he was received into the Roman Catholic Church.

Reception into the Catholic Church and Ordination

After discussions with Cardinal Basil Hume, the Archbishop of Westminster, Graham Leonard was received into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church on 6 April 1994. He was conditionally ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Hume on 23 April 1994 in the chapel at Archbishop’s House, Westminster. The conditional ordination, performed sub conditione in accordance with Canon 845.2, addressed a "prudent doubt" about the validity of his prior Anglican orders, arising from the participation of an Old Catholic bishop from the Union of Utrecht in his 1964 episcopal consecration, which provided sufficient documentation to warrant such caution rather than absolute invalidity. He was subsequently appointed a papal chaplain with the title of Monsignor, and on 3 August 2000 Pope John Paul II elevated him to the rank of Prelate of Honour.

Later Ministry and Death

Catholic Priesthood and Activities

Following his conditional ordination as a Roman Catholic priest in 1994, Graham Leonard retired to Witney, Oxfordshire, where he celebrated Mass as a parish priest and assisted in local parishes as needed. He was later appointed a monsignor and Prelate of Honour. Beyond parish ministry, he undertook a great deal of retreat work, led conferences, gave lectures, and engaged in spiritual direction. These activities constituted the primary focus of his priestly service in the Catholic Church until his death in 2010.

Death and Legacy

Graham Leonard died on 6 January 2010, aged 88. He was survived by his wife Priscilla and two sons. He was widely regarded as the most senior Anglican churchman to convert to the Roman Catholic Church since the Reformation, a step prompted by his unwavering opposition to the ordination of women priests and other perceived doctrinal shifts within Anglicanism. His legacy remains tied to his role as a prominent conservative voice who championed traditional Catholic teachings on ministry, sacraments, and church order during his episcopal tenure. Leonard's principled stand and eventual conversion made him a beacon for Anglo-Catholics seeking continuity with historic Christianity and influenced discussions on ecumenism and theological integrity across both Anglican and Catholic traditions. His life exemplified a commitment to what he viewed as absolute doctrinal positions, leaving a lasting impact on those who valued fidelity to pre-Reformation Catholic principles within the Church of England.

Public Appearances and Media

Television Guest Appearances

Graham Leonard made only a few verified television appearances as himself, all in non-professional guest capacities on discussion and interview programmes. He appeared as a panellist on the BBC's Question Time in two episodes, credited as Rev Graham Leonard, one broadcast on 9 November 1989 and the other on 28 February 1991. Following his conversion to Roman Catholicism, Leonard was a guest on the EWTN series The Journey Home in an episode titled "Msgr. Graham Leonard: Former Anglican Bishop," aired on 12 September 1997, where he was credited as Msgr. Graham Leonard. These appearances were his only documented television credits, reflecting his public ecclesiastical profile rather than any involvement in acting or media production.
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