Hubbry Logo
Great FreezeGreat FreezeMain
Open search
Great Freeze
Community hub
Great Freeze
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Great Freeze
Great Freeze
Great Freeze
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Damage to an orange grove in Bartow, Florida

The Great Freeze was a period of back-to-back freezes during the winter of 1894–95 in the Southern United States, particularly notable for destroying much of the citrus crop in Northern Florida.

Entire communities, such as Earnestville, faded after the citrus crops and trees were lost to the two unusually cold-weather patterns of the winter season.

Weather records

[edit]

Orlando reached an all-time record low of 18 °F (−8 °C) on December 28, 1894,[1] which still stands.

In the second cold wave (1895), West Palm Beach recorded an all time record low (since broken) of 27 °F (−3 °C) on February 9, 1895.[2]

A snowstorm produced unprecedented snowfall amounts along the Gulf Coast, including 20 inches (51 cm) in Houston, Texas.[3]

Snow fell as far south as Tampico, Mexico, within the Tropic of Cancer, the lowest latitude in North America that snow has been recorded at sea level.

Events

[edit]

Two freezes occurred in northern Florida during this catastrophic season, the first in December 1894 and the second in February 1895.[4] The first did not actually kill many mature trees, but did set the stage for new growth during the warm month that followed. So, when the second, harder freeze came a few months later, the effects were even more devastating. All varieties of fruit (oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes) froze on the trees, and bark split from top to bottom.[5] These effects were felt as far south as the Manatee River, south of Tampa.[6]

By 1895, Florida's abundant citrus groves had extended into North Florida, and the state was producing as much as six million boxes of fruit per year.[7][further explanation needed] After the Great Freeze, however, production plummeted to just 100,000 boxes and did not break the one-million-box mark again until 1901.[8] As a result, land values also dropped in the citrus-growing areas from $1,000 (equivalent to $39,000 in 2025) per acre to as little as $10 (equivalent to $390 in 2025) per acre. Many compared the economic impact of the Great Freeze on Florida to the effects of the Great Fire on the city of Chicago.[9]

In the wake of the Great Freeze, some growers simply abandoned their Florida groves to return to the North. A few went to search for frost-free locations in the Caribbean such as Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica.[10] Others relocated to California, using a seedless variety of grapefruit discovered by C. M. Marsh near Lakeland. He was able to harvest 10,000 buds before the Great Freeze that were later propagated by West Coast growers with great success, although the overall cooler and drier climatic conditions in California produced smaller and less flavorful citrus.[11]

The freeze of 1894 however, prompted Julia Tuttle, founder of Miami, to persuade railroad magnate Henry Flagler to expand his rail line, the Florida East Coast Railway, southward to tropical south Florida. Flagler initially declined.[12] Tuttle wrote to him, asking him to visit the area and to see the frost free climate for himself. Flagler sent James E. Ingraham to investigate, and he returned with a favorable report and a box of orange blossoms to show that the area had escaped the frost. Flagler followed up with his own visit and concluded at the end of his first day that the area was ripe for expansion. He made the decision to extend his railroad to Miami and build a resort hotel. This allowed the Florida citrus industry to flourish in central and south Florida in a warmer climate than north Florida.[13]

By the 1940s Florida's citrus industry had rebounded greatly in the warmer central and southern portions of the state. Today, Florida is now the second in the world only to Brazil in the production of oranges.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Great Freeze

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Great Freeze refers to two devastating cold waves that struck in the winter of 1894–1895, marking the most severe freeze in the state's and nearly eradicating its burgeoning industry. The first event began on December 27–29, 1894, with temperatures plunging to 18°F in Orlando and around 24°F in locations like Avon Park. The second, even more destructive freeze hit on February 7–9, 1895, exacerbating the damage after a brief warm spell had prompted new growth on surviving trees, leading to widespread tree mortality across the citrus belt from north-central to northeast . These freezes destroyed approximately 21,737 acres of citrus groves, resulting in zero commercial production in 1895 and a drastic statewide drop from 5 million boxes of fruit in 1894 to just 46,580 boxes by 1896. The economic fallout was profound, bankrupting thousands of small growers—many of whom were recent northern and British settlers—and forcing a shift toward larger operations in more frost-resistant areas of and . This catastrophe not only delayed the citrus industry's recovery for over a but also reshaped Florida's landscape, encouraging diversification into truck farming and while influencing settlement patterns, as some areas like Pinellas County rebounded faster due to milder microclimates and surviving groves that supplied for replanting. By the 1920s, the industry had revitalized, with emerging as the new heart of , though the Great Freeze's legacy underscored the vulnerability of subtropical to .

Historical Context

Pre-Freeze Citrus Industry in

In the late 1880s and early 1890s, 's industry had grown into a vital agricultural sector, with annual production reaching approximately 5 to 6 million boxes of by , primarily concentrated in the central and northern regions of the state, such as Lake County and the Indian River area. This output marked a significant expansion from earlier decades, driven by favorable growing conditions and increasing commercial viability, though the industry's footprint extended into areas susceptible to occasional cold snaps. Key varieties cultivated during this period included the early-maturing Parson Brown, introduced as a chance near Webster in 1856 and prized for its reliability; the orange, originating from a planted around near Citra; and oranges, which gained traction for their following introductions in the 1870s. The sector's rapid growth was fueled by the extension of railroads, which facilitated efficient transport of perishable fruit to northern markets, and waves of from the North, attracted by promotional campaigns touting Florida's mild climate and economic opportunities. Economically, served as a , underpinning Florida's agricultural economy and spurring population influx and land speculation booms in the and , with mature grove land values escalating to around $1,000 per acre by the early . This prosperity transformed rural areas into thriving communities centered on packinghouses and shipping facilities, positioning as the state's leading commodity ahead of other Southern agricultural pursuits like or . However, the industry's expansion revealed inherent vulnerabilities, including an overreliance on the assumption of a consistently subtropical based on prior mild winters, the predominant use of less cold-tolerant rootstocks like sour orange ( aurantium), and aggressive planting in frost-prone northern and central locales without adequate protective measures. These factors left groves exposed to rare but severe cold events, amplifying the potential for widespread disruption despite the era's optimistic growth trajectory.

Meteorological Patterns Leading to the Event

The late 19th century marked a period of notable climate variability across , characterized by fluctuations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that influenced winter severity. The 1893-1894 winter occurred during a cold phase of ENSO (classified as weak La Niña conditions), which is known to enhance the frequency and intensity of cold air outbreaks in the central and by altering Pacific sea surface temperatures and associated atmospheric circulation patterns. This ENSO state contributed to a weakened configuration, allowing for greater meridional flow that facilitated intrusions of southward, setting a precedent for extreme cold events in subsequent seasons. In the , the 1893-1894 winter exhibited unusual persistence of cold fronts, with multiple incursions of polar air masses affecting the region from late fall through early spring. experienced early frosts as early as January 1893, including a record low of -4°F in Jacksonville on January 17, which hinted at the vulnerability to more severe freezes ahead. These persistent cold fronts were driven by semi-permanent high-pressure systems over the northern plains and , which repeatedly channeled chilly northerly winds into the Gulf Coast and Florida peninsula, resulting in below-normal temperatures across the state during December 1893 through February 1894. Broader weather anomalies further amplified these patterns, including widespread droughts in the Midwest that peaked in after dry conditions in 1893. These droughts fostered the development of strong anticyclonic (high-pressure) systems over the parched landscapes, which blocked typical warm air and instead propelled cold air masses equatorward toward the southeastern U.S. Historical reconstructions indicate that upper-level atmospheric shifts—analogous to modern undulations—funneled this polar air directly into , exacerbating the risk of freezes for the expanding citrus industry, which had ventured into more northern and inland areas prone to such variability.

Description of the Freezes

December 1894 Freeze

The December 1894 freeze marked the onset of a severe cold period in , beginning on December 28-29, 1894, when a rapid advanced from the northwest, ushering in subfreezing temperatures across the state. In Orlando, temperatures plummeted to a record low of 18°F (-8°C), a mark that persists to this day, while other central locations like Avon Park recorded 24°F and Fort Myers 28°F, with lows as low as 7°F near Frostproof in Polk County. This event, the first of two devastating freezes that winter, lasted approximately 2-3 days, with the coldest conditions concentrated overnight into December 29. Meteorologically, the freeze was driven by a preceding rainstorm that cleared the skies, allowing for intense radiational cooling under calm winds, which facilitated the buildup of ground frost. The cold front's arrival brought northerly winds initially, but as they subsided, the clear nocturnal skies enabled rapid heat loss from the surface, exacerbating the freeze's intensity across vulnerable low-lying areas. The central belt bore the brunt of sustained lows in the 20s°F. Tallahassee, farther north, dipped to 15°F, underscoring the event's broad reach but with severity peaking in the state's interior. The freeze inflicted partial damage on Florida's citrus industry, which had expanded rapidly in prior decades without robust protections against such extremes. Young buds and immature fruit were killed outright, and existing trees suffered weakening from frost penetration, though mature groves avoided total destruction at this stage. This initial assault set the stage for heightened vulnerability in subsequent months, as damaged vegetation proved more susceptible to further cold, but the event itself did not eradicate the crop entirely.

February 1895 Freeze

The February 1895 freeze, the second major of the winter, struck from February 7 to 9, marking a more prolonged and intense event than its predecessor. Temperatures began a sudden drop on February 7, with northerly winds ushering in colder air masses that sustained sub-freezing conditions for over 42 hours in many areas. In locations like DeLand, the mercury fell starting at 10 a.m. on February 8, reaching 28°F (-2°C) by 9 p.m. and continuing to decline overnight, described by local growers as the worst day Florida had ever known. The cold persisted for 4 to 5 days overall, with radiational cooling under clear skies and high pressure systems exacerbating the lows. This Arctic outbreak was stronger than the prior event, pushing frigid air southward across the belt from north-central to southern . In southern , West Palm Beach recorded a low of 27°F (-3°C) on 9, while central areas like Sanford saw 24°F (-4°C) on 7. Compounding the damage from the December 1894 freeze, which had already weakened trees and fruit, the event killed off surviving buds and foliage, destroying virtually all remaining orange crops statewide. Non- agriculture, including vegetable fields, suffered similarly, with newly budding plants frozen to the ground in regions like Volusia County. The prolonged sub-freezing duration—over 42 hours in many areas—ensured near-total devastation without opportunity for recovery.

Immediate Impacts

Agricultural Devastation

The Great Freeze of 1894–1895 inflicted catastrophic damage on Florida's agricultural sector, particularly the industry, which saw production plummet from approximately 5 million boxes in 1894 to just 46,580 boxes in 1896 due to the near-total destruction of unharvested fruit and subsequent tree loss. , grapefruits, and pineapples suffered complete devastation, with the December 1894 freeze ruining existing crops and the February 1895 event preventing any recovery by killing budding foliage and fruit. Non-citrus crops were similarly obliterated, including strawberries, beans, tomatoes, , , , and turnips, which froze outright in the subfreezing temperatures reaching as low as 7°F in parts of . Tree damage was extensive, with the February freeze killing groves to the roots across northern and ; for instance, more than 90% of trees in Orange County and 99% in Lake County were destroyed, necessitating full replanting efforts that took years to mature. All varieties—common oranges, grapefruits, and others—were equally vulnerable, as no cold-resistant strains had been developed or propagated at the time, leaving the industry without viable options for immediate resilience. Infrastructure supporting also sustained severe harm, with systems freezing and bursting as water pipes cracked under the extreme cold, disrupting future watering capabilities. Packing houses, essential for processing and shipping, were forced to close amid the crop failure.

Economic and Social Consequences

The Great Freeze inflicted severe financial impacts on Florida's citrus-dependent economy, causing land values to plummet as once-productive groves became liabilities. Properties that had supported booming investments prior to the event were sold at steep losses by mortgaged growers unable to meet payments, leading to widespread foreclosures and asset liquidation. Bankruptcy rates among growers and associated businesses escalated dramatically in the immediate aftermath, with seven of Orange County's eight banks failing and leaving only the First National Bank of Sanford intact. Merchants in communities like Clearwater shuttered operations due to cascading debts from the ruined harvest, while packinghouses closed en masse, contracting the citrus industry and eliminating thousands of jobs in picking, shipping, and processing. This economic shock was likened in scale to the Great Chicago Fire's devastation on , underscoring its profound disruption to local commerce. Socially, the freezes triggered mass that plunged affected towns into and . The immediate crisis spurred waves of migration, as thousands of ruined farmers and laborers abandoned their homesteads in northern and , heading north to previous homes or to other states in search of work. This exodus left ghost towns like Rochelle and Windsor in Alachua County, where entire communities dissolved amid the economic despair. The scale of agricultural losses—over 21,000 acres of planted yielding zero marketable fruit—intensified these human and societal repercussions.

Long-Term Effects

Relocation of the Citrus Industry

The Great Freeze of 1894-1895 prompted a significant southward migration of Florida's industry, as growers sought warmer microclimates less prone to frost. Prior to , much of the production was concentrated in central and northern regions, but the devastation led to the establishment of new groves in southern areas such as the region and the , where temperatures rarely dropped low enough to damage crops. This shift marked a strategic adaptation to the state's subtropical southern zones, with pioneers clearing land for planting in these previously underdeveloped areas. To enhance resilience against future cold snaps, growers introduced technological adaptations including cold-resistant rootstocks, such as hybrids derived from sour orange, which provided better tolerance to low temperatures while maintaining productivity. Additionally, techniques—burning wood or oil in smudge pots to create smoke that trapped heat and raised local temperatures—became a standard protective measure in surviving and new groves. These innovations, combined with for hardier varieties, allowed the industry to rebound in the more vulnerable southern frontiers. The freezes also spurred expansion of beyond , as many growers and investors relocated to more reliable climates elsewhere in the United States and its territories. Significant development occurred in , particularly around Riverside, where Mediterranean-like conditions supported rapid growth of orange and lemon orchards, establishing the state as a major competitor. 's near-monopoly on U.S. declined as other regions expanded, reflecting the redistributed industry landscape. As a result, 's share of national output decreased substantially by the early . Recovery was gradual but notable, with statewide citrus production rebounding to approximately 273,000 boxes of by 1900 and reaching under 1 million boxes total until the 1902-03 season, though it took nearly two decades to surpass the pre-freeze peak of 5 million boxes around 1914. In former citrus heartlands like Sanford, growers diversified into hardier crops such as , which thrived in the muck soils and became a key economic driver, transforming abandoned groves into vegetable fields. This diversification helped stabilize local economies while the citrus sector reoriented southward.

Demographic Shifts and Urban Development

The Great Freeze of 1894-1895 triggered substantial demographic shifts in , with rural areas in the northern part of the state experiencing significant depopulation as citrus farmers abandoned their ruined groves and sought opportunities elsewhere, often migrating westward or out of state entirely. In contrast, southern saw an influx of new settlers drawn by promotional campaigns emphasizing the region's relative immunity to the freezes and its potential for viable and development. A pivotal development in this southward migration was the outreach by , a native and landowner in the Biscayne Bay area, to railroad developer ; after the freezes, she demonstrated the survival of her local citrus crops, convincing him to extend the from Palm Beach to , with the line reaching the settlement on April 15, 1896. This extension not only connected southern Florida to broader markets but also laid the groundwork for urban expansion, culminating in 's incorporation as a city on July 28, 1896. The railway's arrival catalyzed an urban boom across southern . Miami's population, estimated at around 300 residents at the time of incorporation, surged to 1,681 by the 1900 U.S. Census, reflecting rapid settlement and . Comparable growth occurred in nearby communities, such as West Palm Beach, where the population rose from 564 in 1900 to 1,743 by , and Fort Lauderdale, which had approximately 143 residents in as infrastructure and agriculture expanded. These changes also fostered social and economic transformations, with increased investment from northern industrialists like Flagler shifting recovering areas from pure agrarian reliance toward a diversified economy centered on , supported by new hotels, resorts, and improved transportation links. This influx of capital accelerated infrastructure growth and attracted a more diverse population, including laborers and entrepreneurs, laying the foundation for southern Florida's modern urban landscape.

Legacy

Historical Significance

The Great Freeze of 1894–1895, often referred to as the "Big Chill," marked the abrupt end of Florida's , a period of rapid agricultural expansion that had defined the state's economy and identity since the post-Civil War era. The back-to-back freezes devastated over 90% of the citrus crop in , wiping out production across 21,737 acres and forcing small-scale growers into financial ruin, as full recovery to pre-freeze production levels took about 15 years, requiring substantial capital that many lacked. This catastrophe shifted the industry southward and catalyzed economic diversification into areas like trucking, tobacco farming, and urban development, laying the groundwork for Florida's transition from a monoculture-dependent to a more resilient, multifaceted economy. In response, the freezes prompted early agricultural experiments in frost protection and resilience, including budding damaged trees onto hardier and wrapping young seedlings in protective coverings like sacks to mitigate freeze damage during thawing. These innovations, combined with growing calls for improved monitoring, influenced the state's initial forays into systematic agricultural support, foreshadowing later advancements in forecasting through institutions like the U.S. Weather Bureau. Meanwhile, key figures such as leveraged the event's uneven impacts by inviting representatives of railroad magnate to inspect her southern property; they confirmed the region's mild climate by returning with fresh produce and samples, demonstrating the area's viability and spurring infrastructure expansion. Contemporary newspaper accounts captured the profound sense of an "end of an era," with reports from the describing frozen water pipes, blackened foliage, and widespread despair among citrus-dependent communities, including instances of suicide amid the economic collapse. These archival records, preserved in local histories and state collections, underscore the freezes' role as a pivotal intersection of and , transforming Florida's narrative from unchecked tropical optimism to pragmatic . Today, the Great Freeze is integrated into Florida's history curricula as a seminal in environmental and economic reinvention, featured in educational exhibits and resources that highlight its lasting influence on the state's development. In contemporary discussions as of 2025, the Great Freeze serves as a historical analog for assessing climate change impacts on subtropical , emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies amid shifting weather patterns.

Comparisons to Other Weather Events

The Great Freeze of 1894–1895 stands out among historical cold events in the United States due to its unprecedented back-to-back Arctic outbreaks, which inflicted near-total devastation on 's emerging citrus industry, destroying over 90 percent of the state's citrus trees and virtually eliminating the 1895 crop. In contrast, the 1835 Florida freeze, another severe intrusion, killed many citrus groves by freezing the and dropping temperatures below freezing for days, but its agricultural impact was limited by the nascent scale of citrus cultivation at the time, with production rebounding quickly and little long-term disruption to the industry. While both events highlighted subtropical vulnerability to polar air masses, the 1895 freezes' dual strikes—separated by a deceptive warm interval that promoted vulnerable new growth—amplified the destruction far beyond the single-event severity of 1835. Later Florida freezes, such as the February 1899 event that reached record lows including -2°F in northern , caused significant but partial citrus damage, prompting further southward relocation of groves without the comprehensive wipeout of 1895; by then, some protective measures like windbreaks had begun to mitigate losses, and the industry had partially recovered from the earlier disaster. Similarly, the 1980s series of freezes (notably in 1981, 1983, 1985, and 1989) inflicted heavy crop losses—up to 90 percent in the 1985 event alone—and killed thousands of trees, but advanced adaptations including overhead irrigation, copper smudge pots, and a concentration of plantings in southern reduced overall tree mortality compared to 1895's totality. These later events reshaped the industry incrementally, whereas the 1894–1895 freezes uniquely forced a complete , with no equivalent prior or subsequent cold snap matching their combined 90–95 percent tree loss in a subtropical U.S. context. Beyond climatic analogs, the Great Freeze's economic shock parallels non-weather disasters like the 1886 Charleston earthquake, which caused $5–6 million in property damage (equivalent to about $192 million in 2025 dollars) and crippled the regional economy through widespread structural failure, much as the freezes bankrupted Florida growers and halted citrus exports. However, while the earthquake's seismic nature led to immediate physical rebuilding challenges in an urban setting, the freezes' climatic assault targeted a diffuse agricultural sector, resulting in prolonged industry displacement rather than localized reconstruction. The event also evokes the 1930s Dust Bowl, where prolonged drought and poor soil management displaced hundreds of thousands of farmers from the Great Plains, mirroring the mass exodus of citrus growers southward and the permanent reconfiguration of Florida's agricultural landscape. In both cases, environmental catastrophe amplified economic vulnerability, but the Dust Bowl's multi-year dust storms affected staple grains across a vast arid region, contrasting with the Great Freeze's acute, frost-induced collapse of a specialized subtropical crop that had no precedent in scale or regional specificity.

References

  1. https://preview.weather.gov/media/tbw/paig/PresAmFreeze1894.pdf
  2. https://www.thehistorycenter.org/the-big-chill/
  3. https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/topics/winters
  4. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=tampabayhistory
  5. https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/ifascomm/2014/09/12/like-a-day-without-sunshine-the-past-and-future-of-florida-citrus/
  6. https://www.floridamemory.com/learn/exhibits/photo_exhibits/citrus/citrus2.php
  7. https://citrusindustry.net/2021/10/04/the-past-and-potential-of-parson-brown/
  8. https://citrusvariety.ucr.edu/crc3858
  9. https://www.ocala.com/story/news/local/2014/11/02/citra-honors-the-pineapple-orange-and-its-citrus-heritage/31948154007/
  10. https://www.floridacitrus.org/grower/fdoc-news-item/trailblazing-visionaries/
  11. https://fiveable.me/hs-florida-history/unit-7
  12. https://dos.fl.gov/historical/museums/historical-museums/united-connections/foodways/food-cultivation-and-economies/the-citrus-industry-in-florida/
  13. https://iu.pressbooks.pub/travelingfarmer/chapter/geographic-shifts-in-florida-citrus-growing/
  14. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271910247_Citrus_Rootstock_Usage_Characteristics_and_Selection_in_the_Florida_Indian_River_Region
  15. https://www.weather.gov/bou/ensosnow
  16. https://psl.noaa.gov/enso/past_events.html
  17. https://www.currentresults.com/Yearly-Weather/USA/FL/Jacksonville/extreme-annual-jacksonville-low-temperature.php
  18. https://www.adamshistory.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17:drought-of-1894&catid=2&Itemid=42
  19. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/53115/noaa_53115_DS1.pdf
  20. https://patch.com/florida/newportrichey/the-great-freeze-of-1894-1895
  21. http://www.floridahistorynetwork.com/blog---floridas-worst-freezes.html
  22. https://delandhistoricalsociety.com/blog/the-big-freeze-deland-florida-1894-1895
  23. https://richesmi.cah.ucf.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/origins_of_the_celery_city/item/855
  24. https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/history/2022/01/06/local-history-historic-florida-freezes-caused-havoc-and-changed-agriculture/9080923002/
  25. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1994/02/13/great-freeze-of-94-95-destroyed-groves-and-fortunes-but-not-faith/
  26. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1994/12/25/devastating-great-freeze-of-1894-95-put-squeeze-on-new-citrus-industry/
  27. http://www.desolationflorida.com/2015/10/rochelle-florida.html
  28. https://historiccity.com/2009/staugustine/news/historic-city-memories-the-big-freeze-ii-2223
  29. https://www.floridacitrus.org/about/our-history/
  30. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1998/03/15/celery-industry-grew-where-citrus-once-flourished-froze/
  31. https://www.floridafiles.com/post/the-great-freeze-of-1894-1895-the-event-that-reshaped-florida-s-citrus-industry
  32. http://www.floridahistorynetwork.com/april-15-1896---henry-flaglers-railroad-arrives-in-miami-for-first-time.html
  33. https://features.miami.edu/2019/flagler-blueprints/flagler-journey-to-florida.html
  34. https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/bulletins/demographic/16-population-fl.pdf
  35. https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/bulletins/population/florida-population.pdf
  36. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/miami-henry-flagler/
  37. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/10144/chapter/19
  38. https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/257295
  39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333712286_How_historical_trends_in_Florida_all-citrus_production_correlate_with_devastating_hurricane_and_freeze_events
  40. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/b50a3f9d-d435-4ac5-bc05-28bb6c855a00
  41. https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/uf/e0/01/01/13/00001/sevier_b.pdf
  42. https://site.extension.uga.edu/climate/2017/02/great-florida-freeze-of-1835/
  43. https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/7e80b7a1-61de-4715-8641-14aa7a7620a2
  44. https://learn.weatherstem.com/modules/learn/lessons/117/19.html
  45. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/23/us/freeze-of-the-century-damages-90-of-the-citrus-crop-in-florida.html
  46. https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr/1/c001p133.pdf
  47. https://www.ocala.com/story/news/2003/01/01/citrus-industry-destroyed-by-a-series-of-freezes-in-1980s/31271536007/
  48. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ushis251/impact
  49. https://drought.unl.edu/dustbowl/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.