Minerals with a dominant fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide anion
Halide minerals are those minerals with a dominant halide anion (F− , Cl− , Br− and I− ). Complex halide minerals may also have polyatomic anions .[ 1]
Halite Fluorite structure Examples include the following:[ 2] [ 3]
Many of these minerals are water-soluble and are often found in arid areas in crusts and other deposits as are various borates, nitrates, iodates, bromates and the like. Others, such as the fluorite group, are not water-soluble. As a collective whole, simple halide minerals (containing fluorine through iodine, alkali metals, alkaline Earth metals, in addition to other metals/cations) occur abundantly at the surface of the Earth in a variety of geologic settings. More complex minerals as shown below are also found.[ 6]
Commercially significant halide minerals [ edit ] Two commercially important halide minerals are halite and fluorite. The former is a major source of sodium chloride, in parallel with sodium chloride extracted from sea water or brine wells. Fluorite is a major source of hydrogen fluoride , complementing the supply obtained as a byproduct of the production of fertilizer. Carnallite and bischofite are important sources of magnesium. Natural cryolite was historically required for the production of aluminium , however, currently most cryolite used is produced synthetically.
Many of the halide minerals occur in marine evaporite deposits.[ 6] deserts .[ 6] Atacama Desert has large quantities of halide minerals as well as chlorates, iodates, oxyhalides, nitrates, borates and other water-soluble minerals. Not only do those minerals occur in subsurface geologic deposits, they also form crusts on the Earth's surface due to the low rainfall (the Atacama is the world's driest desert as well as one of the oldest at 25 million years of age).
[ edit ] IMA -CNMNC proposes a new hierarchical scheme (Mills et al., 2009). This list uses the Classification of Nickel–Strunz (mindat.org , 10 ed, pending publication).
Abbreviations
REE : rare-earth element (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu)PGE : platinum-group element (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)* : discredited (IMA/CNMNC status)? : questionable/doubtful (IMA/CNMNC status)Regarding 03.C Aluminofluorides, 06 Borates , 08 Vanadates (04.H V[5,6] Vanadates), 09 Silicates :
neso- : insular (from Greek νῆσος nêsos soro- : grouped (from Greek σωρός sōrós cyclo- : ringed (from Greek κύκλος kúklos ino- : chained (from Greek ίνα ína ἴς phyllo- : sheeted (from Greek φῠ́λλον phúllon tecto- : of three-dimensional framework (from Greek τεκτον ικός tektōnikós Nickel–Strunz code scheme: NN.XY.##x
NN : Nickel–Strunz mineral class numberX : Nickel–Strunz mineral division letterY : Nickel–Strunz mineral family letter##x : Nickel–Strunz mineral/group number; x an add-on letterHalide specimens at Museum of Geology, South Dakota 03.A Simple halides, without H2 O
03.AA M:X = 1:1, 2:3, 3:5, etc.: Panichiite ; 05 Nantokite , 05 Marshite , 05 Miersite ; 10 Iodargyrite , 10 Tocornalite ; 15 Bromargyrite , 15 Embolite *, 15 Chlorargyrite ; 20 Carobbiite , 20 Griceite , 20 Halite , 20 Sylvite , 20 Villiaumite ; 25 Sal ammoniac , 25 Lafossaite ; 30 Calomel , 30 Kuzminite , 30 Moschelite ; 35 Neighborite ; 40 Chlorocalcite , 45 Kolarite , 50 Radhakrishnaite ; 55 Hephaistosite , 55 Challacolloite
03.AB M:X = 1:2: 05 Tolbachite , 10 Coccinite , 15 Sellaite ; 20 Chloromagnesite *, 20 Lawrencite , 20 Scacchite ; 25 Frankdicksonite , 25 Fluorite ; 30 Tveitite-(Y) ; 35 Gagarinite-(Y) ; 35 Zajacite-(Ce)
03.AC M:X = 1:3: 05 Zharchikhite , 10 Molysite ; 15 Fluocerite -(Ce), 15 Fluocerite-(La), 20 Gananite
03.B Simple Halides, with H2 O
03.BA M:X = 1:1 and 2:3: 05 Hydrohalite , 10 Carnallite
03.BB M:X = 1:2: 05 Eriochalcite , 10 Rokuhnite , 15 Bischofite , 20 Nickelbischofite , 25 Sinjarite , 30 Antarcticite , 35 Tachyhydrite
03.BC M:X = 1:3: 05 Chloraluminite
03.BD Simple Halides with H2 O and additional OH: 05 Cadwaladerite , 10 Lesukite , 15 Korshunovskite , 20 Nepskoeite , 25 Koenenite
03.C Complex Halides
03.C: Steropesite , IMA2008-032, IMA2008-039
03.CA Borofluorides: 05 Ferruccite ; 10 Avogadrite , 10 Barberiite
03.CB Neso-aluminofluorides: 05 Cryolithionite ; 15 Cryolite , 15 Elpasolite , 15 Simmonsite ; 20 Colquiriite , 25 Weberite , 30 Karasugite , 35 Usovite ; 40 Pachnolite , 40 Thomsenolite ; 45 Carlhintzeite , 50 Yaroslavite
03.CC Soro-aluminofluorides: 05 Gearksutite ; 10 Acuminite , 10 Tikhonenkovite ; 15 Artroeite ; 20 Calcjarlite , 20 Jarlite , 20 Jorgensenite
03.CD Ino-aluminofluorides: 05 Rosenbergite , 10 Prosopite
03.CE Phyllo-aluminofluorides: 05 Chiolite
03.CF Tekto-aluminofluorides: 05 Ralstonite , 10 Boldyrevite ?, 15 Bogvadite
03.CG Aluminofluorides with CO3 , SO4 , PO4 : 05 Stenonite ; 10 Chukhrovite -(Nd), 10 Chukhrovite-(Ce), 10 Chukhrovite-(Y), 10 Meniaylovite ; 15 Creedite , 20 Boggildite , 25 Thermessaite
03.CH: 05 Malladrite , 10 Bararite ; 15 Cryptohalite , 15 Hieratite ; 20 Demartinite , 25 Knasibfite
03.CJ With MX6 complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu: 05 Chlormanganokalite , 05 Rinneite ; 10 Erythrosiderite , 10 Kremersite ; 15 Mitscherlichite , 20 Douglasite , 30 Zirklerite
03.D Oxyhalides, Hydroxyhalides and Related Double Halides
03.DA With Cu, etc., without Pb: 05 Melanothallite ; 10a Atacamite , 10a Kempite , 10a Hibbingite , 10b Botallackite , 10b Clinoatacamite , 10b Belloite , 10c Gillardite , 10c Kapellasite , 10c Haydeeite , 10c Paratacamite , 10c Herbertsmithite ; 15 Claringbullite , 20 Simonkolleite ; 25 Buttgenbachite , 25 Connellite ; 30 Abhurite , 35 Ponomarevite ; 40 Calumetite , 40 Anthonyite ; 45 Khaidarkanite , 50 Bobkingite , 55 Avdoninite , 60 Droninoite
03.DB With Pb, Cu, etc.: 05 Diaboleite , 10 Pseudoboleite , 15 Boleite , 20 Cumengite , 25 Bideauxite , 30 Chloroxiphite , 35 Hematophanite ; 40 Asisite , 40 Parkinsonite ; 45 Murdochite , 50 Yedlinite
03.DC With Pb (As, Sb, Bi), without Cu: 05 Laurionite , 05 Paralaurionite ; 10 Fiedlerite , 15 Penfieldite , 20 Laurelite ; 25 Zhangpeishanite , 25 Matlockite , 25 Rorisite , 25 Daubreeite , 25 Bismoclite , 25 Zavaritskite ; 30 Nadorite , 30 Perite ; 35 Aravaipaite , 37 Calcioaravaipaite , 40 Thorikosite , 45 Mereheadite , 50 Blixite , 55 Pinalite , 60 Symesite ; 65 Ecdemite , 65 Heliophyllite ; 70 Mendipite , 75 Damaraite , 80 Onoratoite , 85 Cotunnite , 90 Pseudocotunnite , 95 Barstowite
03.DD With Hg: 05 Eglestonite , 05 Kadyrelite ; 10 Poyarkovite , 15 Hanawaltite , 20 Terlinguaite , 25 Pinchite ; 30 Mosesite , 30 Gianellaite ; 35 Kleinite , 40 Tedhadleyite , 45 Vasilyevite , 50 Aurivilliusite , 55 Terlinguacreekite , 60 Kelyanite , 65 Comancheite
03.DE With Rare-Earth Elements: 05 Haleniusite-(La)
03.X Unclassified Strunz Halogenides
^ http://webmineral.com/strunz/strunz.php?class=03 Webmineral Halide Class.^ Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy , Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, pp. 320–325, ISBN 0-471-80580-7
^ Anthony, J.W., Bideaux, R.A., Bladh, K.W., and Nichols, M.C., Handbook of Mineralogy, Volume III: Halides, Hydroxides, Oxides , 1997, Mineral Data Publishing: Tucson.
^ Handbook of Mineralogy - Bararite Archived 2016-04-01 at the Wayback Machine .^ Handbook of Mineralogy - Cryptohalite Archived 2021-12-02 at the Wayback Machine .^ a b c Sorrel, Charles A., Rocks & Minerals (originally Minerals of the World ), Chapter "Halides", pp. 118–127, 1973, St Martin's Press: NYC · Racine, WI, ISBN 1-58238-124-0
"Special cases" ("native elements and organic minerals") "Sulfides and oxides"
Sulfides (IDs 2.A–F)Sulfosalts ; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites (IDs 2.G)Sulfosalts; sulfarsenates, sulfantimonates (IDs 2.K)
Other sulfosalts (IDs 2.H–J and 2.L–M) Tellurium oxysalts
Vanadium oxides (IDs 4.H) "Evaporites and similars" "Mineral structures with tetrahedral units" (sulfate anion, phosphate anion,
Monomeric minerals (similar to nesosilicates) Sulfates (VI) (IDs 7.A–E)Thiosulphates (IDs 7.J) Silicate frameworks, tectosilicates Other tectosilicates (IDs 9.FA. and 9.FB.15, e.g. feldspars ) Other silicate frameworks Ribbon or multiple chain inosilicates (IDs 9.D, e.g. amphiboles ) Other non monomeric minerals Unclassified silicates (IDs 9.H)
