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Han Taiwanese
Han Taiwanese,[page needed] also known as Taiwanese Han (Chinese: 臺灣漢人), Taiwanese Han Chinese, or Han Chinese Taiwanese, are Taiwanese people of full or partial ethnic Han ancestry. According to the Executive Yuan of Taiwan, they comprise 95 to 97 percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people. Major waves of Han immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895–1945). Han Taiwanese mainly speak three Sinitic languages: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.
There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese, which are estimated to comprise 95 to 98 percent of the Taiwanese population. To determine if a Taiwanese is Han, common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Chinese language as their mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals.[page needed] Sometimes a negative definition is employed, where Han people are those who are not non-Han.[page needed]
Taiwanese Han ethnic groups include the Hoklo people and Hakka people that had arrived in Taiwan before World War II (sometimes called "benshengren"), as well those and other Han people that arrived shortly after World War II (sometimes called "waishengren"). The distinction between benshengren and waishengren is now less important due to intermarriages and the rise of a Taiwanese identity. In addition, there are Han that do not fall into the above categories, including the Puxian-speaking people in Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, the Mindong-speaking people in Matsu, and various newly arrived Han immigrants.[citation needed]
Those who trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou from Fujian make up 70% of Taiwan's population. 15% originate from Longyan and Meixian from Fujian and Guangdong respectively whilst 12% come from other provinces from mainland China. The rest are either Taiwanese aborigines, ethnic minorities from mainland China or foreign spouses.
There is a belief that modern Taiwanese Han are genetically different from Chinese Han, which has been used as a basis for Taiwanese independence from China. This belief has been called the "myth of indigenous genes" by some researchers such as Shu-juo Chen and Hong-kuan Duan, who say that "genetic studies have never supported the idea that Taiwanese Han are genetically different with Chinese Han." Some descendants of plains aborigines have opposed the usage of their ancestors in the call for Taiwanese independence. Genetic studies show genetic differences between Taiwanese Han and mountain aborigines. According to Chen and Duan, the genetic ancestry of individuals cannot be traced with certainty and attempts to construct identity through genetics are "theoretically meaningless." In the highest self reports, 5.3 percent of Taiwan's population claimed indigenous heritage.
Estimates of indigenous ancestry range from 13%, 26%, and as high as 85%. The latter number was published in a Chinese language editorial and not a peer-reviewed scientific journal, however these numbers have taken hold in popular Taiwanese imagination and are treated as facts in Taiwanese politics and identity. Many Taiwanese claim to be part aboriginal. Some Taiwanese graduate biology students expressed skepticism at the findings, noting the lack of peer-reviewed publications. Chen suggests that the estimates resulted from manipulation of sample sizes. The lack of methodological rigor suggests the numbers were meant for local consumption. In all scientific studies, genetic markers for aboriginal ancestry make up a minute portion of the genome. In 2021, Marie Lin who was the source of the larger indigenous ancestry numbers, co-authored an article stating that the East Asian and Austronesian ancestors of the Taiwanese Han and indigenous peoples mixed during the southward migration of East Asians 4,000 years ago, although recent admixtures cannot be ruled out. However, only one in five hundred Han Taiwanese individuals examined was genetically closer to the Dusun people, who are closer to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples than Sino-Tibetan populations, and there are "distinct patterns of genetic structure between the Taiwanese Han and indigenous populations." Taiwanese Han also cluster with Cantonese and Chinese Singaporeans the most out of the Sino-Tibetan-speaking groups, supporting the hypothesis that the admixture event occurred prior to the migration of Taiwanese Han to Taiwan.
Other studies show genetic affinities between Taiwanese Han and Kinh Vietnamese and also, genetic input from western Indonesians and other Mainland Southeast Asians, reflecting ancient trade.
There were two major waves of Han immigration: 1) during the Qing dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries and 2) from Republic of China's mainland area, which is now ruled by the People's Republic of China, in the final years of the Chinese Civil War (1945–1949).
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Han Taiwanese
Han Taiwanese,[page needed] also known as Taiwanese Han (Chinese: 臺灣漢人), Taiwanese Han Chinese, or Han Chinese Taiwanese, are Taiwanese people of full or partial ethnic Han ancestry. According to the Executive Yuan of Taiwan, they comprise 95 to 97 percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people. Major waves of Han immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895–1945). Han Taiwanese mainly speak three Sinitic languages: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.
There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese, which are estimated to comprise 95 to 98 percent of the Taiwanese population. To determine if a Taiwanese is Han, common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Chinese language as their mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals.[page needed] Sometimes a negative definition is employed, where Han people are those who are not non-Han.[page needed]
Taiwanese Han ethnic groups include the Hoklo people and Hakka people that had arrived in Taiwan before World War II (sometimes called "benshengren"), as well those and other Han people that arrived shortly after World War II (sometimes called "waishengren"). The distinction between benshengren and waishengren is now less important due to intermarriages and the rise of a Taiwanese identity. In addition, there are Han that do not fall into the above categories, including the Puxian-speaking people in Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, the Mindong-speaking people in Matsu, and various newly arrived Han immigrants.[citation needed]
Those who trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou from Fujian make up 70% of Taiwan's population. 15% originate from Longyan and Meixian from Fujian and Guangdong respectively whilst 12% come from other provinces from mainland China. The rest are either Taiwanese aborigines, ethnic minorities from mainland China or foreign spouses.
There is a belief that modern Taiwanese Han are genetically different from Chinese Han, which has been used as a basis for Taiwanese independence from China. This belief has been called the "myth of indigenous genes" by some researchers such as Shu-juo Chen and Hong-kuan Duan, who say that "genetic studies have never supported the idea that Taiwanese Han are genetically different with Chinese Han." Some descendants of plains aborigines have opposed the usage of their ancestors in the call for Taiwanese independence. Genetic studies show genetic differences between Taiwanese Han and mountain aborigines. According to Chen and Duan, the genetic ancestry of individuals cannot be traced with certainty and attempts to construct identity through genetics are "theoretically meaningless." In the highest self reports, 5.3 percent of Taiwan's population claimed indigenous heritage.
Estimates of indigenous ancestry range from 13%, 26%, and as high as 85%. The latter number was published in a Chinese language editorial and not a peer-reviewed scientific journal, however these numbers have taken hold in popular Taiwanese imagination and are treated as facts in Taiwanese politics and identity. Many Taiwanese claim to be part aboriginal. Some Taiwanese graduate biology students expressed skepticism at the findings, noting the lack of peer-reviewed publications. Chen suggests that the estimates resulted from manipulation of sample sizes. The lack of methodological rigor suggests the numbers were meant for local consumption. In all scientific studies, genetic markers for aboriginal ancestry make up a minute portion of the genome. In 2021, Marie Lin who was the source of the larger indigenous ancestry numbers, co-authored an article stating that the East Asian and Austronesian ancestors of the Taiwanese Han and indigenous peoples mixed during the southward migration of East Asians 4,000 years ago, although recent admixtures cannot be ruled out. However, only one in five hundred Han Taiwanese individuals examined was genetically closer to the Dusun people, who are closer to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples than Sino-Tibetan populations, and there are "distinct patterns of genetic structure between the Taiwanese Han and indigenous populations." Taiwanese Han also cluster with Cantonese and Chinese Singaporeans the most out of the Sino-Tibetan-speaking groups, supporting the hypothesis that the admixture event occurred prior to the migration of Taiwanese Han to Taiwan.
Other studies show genetic affinities between Taiwanese Han and Kinh Vietnamese and also, genetic input from western Indonesians and other Mainland Southeast Asians, reflecting ancient trade.
There were two major waves of Han immigration: 1) during the Qing dynasty in the 18th and 19th centuries and 2) from Republic of China's mainland area, which is now ruled by the People's Republic of China, in the final years of the Chinese Civil War (1945–1949).