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Helveticosaurus
Helveticosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid marine reptile known from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian boundary) of southern Switzerland and Italy. It contains a single species, Helveticosaurus zollingeri, mainly known from a nearly complete holotype skeleton, PIMUZ T 4352. The skeleton was collected at the Cava Tre Fontane site on Monte San Giorgio, a mountain well known for its rich record of marine life during the Middle Triassic.
Helveticosaurus is primarily known from a nearly complete holotype which includes a crushed skull and a postcranial skeleton. Several disarticulated elements are also known including teeth, portions of the snout and postcranial elements. The skeleton of Helveticosaurus preserves 2–2.5 metres (6.6–8.2 ft), but much of the tail is missing. Its total estimated length is about 3.6 metres (12 ft), from the snout to the tip of the tail.
It possessed many adaptations to a marine lifestyle in the shallow-sea environment that existed in Europe at a time when much of the continent was part of the Tethys Ocean. The deep, muscular tail is similar to what can be seen in other extinct marine reptiles such as thalattosaurs, and it probably propelled itself through the water by means of lateral undulation of the tail. However, Helveticosaurus also possessed a robust pectoral girdle and long forelimbs that were well adapted for paddle-like propulsion as a supplementary method of locomotion, as seen in secondarily aquatic tetrapods. This unique combination of undulation and paddling is highly unusual for an aquatic reptile. Helveticosaurus may have been capable of rapid acceleration. The scapula is well developed and robust, in contrast to many other marine reptiles.
The limb and hip bones are not fully ossified and have cartilage caps at the joints, a form of paedomorphosis (retention of juvenile traits) common among aquatic reptiles. Similarly, the wrist and ankle bones are extremely reduced, with only two or three carpals in the forelimb and a single tarsal in the hindlimb. On the other hand, the fingers are long and slender, with an increased number of bones per finger compared to terrestrial reptiles.
The skull, while only partially known due to the crushed nature of the skull rendering many of its parts unidentifiable, appears to have been relatively short and blunt, around 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long, with a diapsid condition with both lower and upper temporal fenestrae. The caniniform (long, fang-like) teeth suggest a predatory lifestyle for Helveticosaurus. Unlike most other marine reptiles which exhibited a lengthening and narrowing of the skull, the head of Helveticosaurus was more robust and box-like. It is unknown what purpose the shortness of the skull would have had in feeding, with suction feeding having been tentatively proposed by Mark Witton as a possible function. Proposed prey items include soft prey like cephalopods, as well as small-medium sized vertebrates like fish.
Helveticosaurus, while primarily aquatically adapted, was probably capable of some terrestrial locomotion, perhaps equivalent to the degree accomplished by seals.
Upon its naming and description in 1955, Helveticosaurus was classified as a member of the order Placodontia, a group of robust, barrel-bodied Triassic marine reptiles. It was seen as a basal member of the clade, being assigned to the new family Helveticosauridae of the Helveticosauroidea superfamily.
Its affinities with other diapsids are unclear, as it differs greatly from any other known types of marine reptiles, with no apparent close relatives. It shares some characteristics with archosauromorphs, and Rieppel (1989) tentatively suggested that it may be related to that group. One 2013 analysis of fossil reptile relationships found Helveticosaurus, together with Eusaurosphargis and Saurosphargis, to be most closely related to either the ichthyopterygians or sauropterygians in a large clade of marine reptiles within archosauromorpha. Some phylogenetic analyses recover a sister taxon relationship between Helveticosaurus and Eusaurosphargis, with one analysis recovering them at successive positions instead. The following cladogram is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of Li et al. (2014), which includes Eusaurosphargis, Helveticosaurus and all known saurosphargid species. The removal / inclusion of Ichthyopterygia was found to affect the topology the most - switching the positions of the Eusaurosphargis+Helveticosaurus and Thalattosauriformes clades, and altering the positions of several taxa within Eosauropterygia, which are not shown.
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Helveticosaurus
Helveticosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid marine reptile known from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian boundary) of southern Switzerland and Italy. It contains a single species, Helveticosaurus zollingeri, mainly known from a nearly complete holotype skeleton, PIMUZ T 4352. The skeleton was collected at the Cava Tre Fontane site on Monte San Giorgio, a mountain well known for its rich record of marine life during the Middle Triassic.
Helveticosaurus is primarily known from a nearly complete holotype which includes a crushed skull and a postcranial skeleton. Several disarticulated elements are also known including teeth, portions of the snout and postcranial elements. The skeleton of Helveticosaurus preserves 2–2.5 metres (6.6–8.2 ft), but much of the tail is missing. Its total estimated length is about 3.6 metres (12 ft), from the snout to the tip of the tail.
It possessed many adaptations to a marine lifestyle in the shallow-sea environment that existed in Europe at a time when much of the continent was part of the Tethys Ocean. The deep, muscular tail is similar to what can be seen in other extinct marine reptiles such as thalattosaurs, and it probably propelled itself through the water by means of lateral undulation of the tail. However, Helveticosaurus also possessed a robust pectoral girdle and long forelimbs that were well adapted for paddle-like propulsion as a supplementary method of locomotion, as seen in secondarily aquatic tetrapods. This unique combination of undulation and paddling is highly unusual for an aquatic reptile. Helveticosaurus may have been capable of rapid acceleration. The scapula is well developed and robust, in contrast to many other marine reptiles.
The limb and hip bones are not fully ossified and have cartilage caps at the joints, a form of paedomorphosis (retention of juvenile traits) common among aquatic reptiles. Similarly, the wrist and ankle bones are extremely reduced, with only two or three carpals in the forelimb and a single tarsal in the hindlimb. On the other hand, the fingers are long and slender, with an increased number of bones per finger compared to terrestrial reptiles.
The skull, while only partially known due to the crushed nature of the skull rendering many of its parts unidentifiable, appears to have been relatively short and blunt, around 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long, with a diapsid condition with both lower and upper temporal fenestrae. The caniniform (long, fang-like) teeth suggest a predatory lifestyle for Helveticosaurus. Unlike most other marine reptiles which exhibited a lengthening and narrowing of the skull, the head of Helveticosaurus was more robust and box-like. It is unknown what purpose the shortness of the skull would have had in feeding, with suction feeding having been tentatively proposed by Mark Witton as a possible function. Proposed prey items include soft prey like cephalopods, as well as small-medium sized vertebrates like fish.
Helveticosaurus, while primarily aquatically adapted, was probably capable of some terrestrial locomotion, perhaps equivalent to the degree accomplished by seals.
Upon its naming and description in 1955, Helveticosaurus was classified as a member of the order Placodontia, a group of robust, barrel-bodied Triassic marine reptiles. It was seen as a basal member of the clade, being assigned to the new family Helveticosauridae of the Helveticosauroidea superfamily.
Its affinities with other diapsids are unclear, as it differs greatly from any other known types of marine reptiles, with no apparent close relatives. It shares some characteristics with archosauromorphs, and Rieppel (1989) tentatively suggested that it may be related to that group. One 2013 analysis of fossil reptile relationships found Helveticosaurus, together with Eusaurosphargis and Saurosphargis, to be most closely related to either the ichthyopterygians or sauropterygians in a large clade of marine reptiles within archosauromorpha. Some phylogenetic analyses recover a sister taxon relationship between Helveticosaurus and Eusaurosphargis, with one analysis recovering them at successive positions instead. The following cladogram is simplified after the phylogenetic analysis of Li et al. (2014), which includes Eusaurosphargis, Helveticosaurus and all known saurosphargid species. The removal / inclusion of Ichthyopterygia was found to affect the topology the most - switching the positions of the Eusaurosphargis+Helveticosaurus and Thalattosauriformes clades, and altering the positions of several taxa within Eosauropterygia, which are not shown.
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