Hillbrow ( /ˈhɪlbroʊ/) is an Inner City residential neighbourhood of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. It is characterized by a high population density and has experienced issues associated with municipal disinvestment, including elevated levels of unemployment, poverty, prostitution, and crime.

Under the Group Areas Act during apartheid, Hillbrow was initially designated a "whites-only" area. It later became a "grey area", where residents of different ethnic backgrounds lived together. During this period, it developed a reputation as a cosmopolitan neighbourhood with a politically progressive character and was one of the first recognized queer neighborhoods in South Africa.

For much of the twentieth century, Hillbrow had a significant Jewish community and was home to several Orthodox synagogues, including the Great Synagogue and Poswohl Synagogue. Temple Israel, the oldest Reform synagogue in South Africa, continues to operate.

Following the end of apartheid, population growth, white flight, and socio-economic pressures contributed to rising crime rates and a decline in infrastructure maintenance. During the 1980s and 1990s, many wealthier residents left the area, and numerous buildings fell into disrepair.

Today, Hillbrow is home to large numbers of immigrants, particularly from Zimbabwe and Nigeria, alongside residents from local townships. Urban regeneration initiatives are underway. The Johannesburg Art Gallery, located in Joubert Park, houses the most extensive public collection of contemporary art on sub-Saharan Africa, including the works of Gerard Sokoto and William Kentridge.

Prior to the discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand in 1886, the area that later became Hillbrow was located on government-owned land known as Randjeslaagte, which today forms part of the Johannesburg Central Business District. Randjeslaagte was a triangular tract of land not used for farming, with Hillbrow situated at the northern apex of the triangle. The name Hillbrow derives from the suburb's position on the brow of the east–west ridge that runs across the Johannesburg Central Business District.

The land was originally owned in the form of claims by J. Nicholls, who subsequently sold them to the Transvaal Mortgage, Loan & Finance Company. Hillbrow was laid out for residential development between 1894 and 1895, with stands auctioned by Richard Currie. In 1897, Hillbrow was incorporated into Johannesburg's Sanitary Board.

Following World War II, property values increased, and much of Hillbrow was redeveloped into tower blocks.