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Hooverball
Hooverball
Hooverball
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Hoover ball is a medicine ball game invented by President Herbert Hoover's personal physician, Medal of Honor recipient Joel T. Boone, to help keep then-President Hoover fit. The Hoover Presidential Library Association and the city of West Branch, Iowa co-host a national championship each year.

In general, the game is played on a volleyball-type court of grass or sand and involves throwing a heavily weighted medicine ball over the net. Officially, in Hooverball, the medicine ball weighs about 6 lb (2.7 kg) and is thrown over an 8 ft (2.4 m) volleyball-type net. The game is scored like tennis. The ball is caught and then thrown back. The weight of the medicine ball can make the sport quite physically demanding.

History

[edit]

The sport was conceived shortly after Hoover's 1928 election. While on a trip to South America, Hoover observed a game of "Bull-in-the-Ring" being played on the Battleship Utah. Bull-in-the-Ring was popular among navy ships and was an inspiration for Hooverball. In Bull-in-the-Ring the ball was soft and weighed 9 lb (4 kg). The person in the middle of the circle was called the "bull". While on these navy ships, Hoover enjoyed watching and playing the game. The net was 8.5 to 9 ft (2.6 to 2.7 m) high and 30 ft (9.1 m) wide.

a distinctly strenuous affair, best understood as exactly like tennis except that the net is eight feet high, there are no racquets and the ball is a hefty medicine ball weighing from 5 to 9 pounds[1]

In 1931, William Atherton du Puy named it as Boone-ball.[1][2]

Rules

[edit]

Rules are usually determined "in house." However, the traditional rules are as follows:

  1. Points are scored when a team either fails to catch the return, fails to return the ball across the net, or returns the ball out of bounds.
  2. The ball is served from the back line.
  3. The serve is rotated among one team until the game is won. Teams alternate serving after each game.
  4. The ball must be caught on the fly and immediately returned from the point it was caught. There is no running with the ball or passing to teammates.[3]
  5. Each team's court is divided in half. A ball returned from the front half of a team's court must be returned to the back half of its opponent's court. If the ball doesn't reach the back court, the opponent is awarded the point.
  6. A ball that hits the out-of-bounds line is a good return.
  7. A player who catches the ball out-of-bounds, or is carried out-of-bounds by the force of the ball, may return in-bounds before the return.
  8. A ball that hits the net on its way over is a live ball. (If it was thrown from the front court, it must reach the opponent's back court to be good.)
  9. Teams may substitute at dead ball situations.
  10. Women serve from the mid-court line
  11. Women may pass once before a return.
  12. Women may return the ball to any area of the opponent's court.
  13. Good sportsmanship is required. Support the members .Points in dispute are played over.

Ultimate Hooverball

[edit]
  1. If there are more than four players on each team, there must be two medicine balls in play at all times.
  2. Throwing rules differ from regular Hooverball. If the ball is caught in the front of the court, it must be returned with a one-arm side-throw. If the ball is caught in the back half of the court, the ball must be returned with a two-handed, overhead pass.
  3. When catching the ball, the player's feet must remain firmly on the ground. If even one step is taken, that player is disqualified from that round, and must sit out the rest of that particular match, allowing the other team the advantage of having an extra player.*
  4. All original rules still apply.
  5. Any ages above 50 cannot play.

Types of throws

[edit]

There are many different ways to get the ball over the net. Both power and control are important for a good throw, and can be achieved simultaneously with proper technique. Proper technique requires use of the whole body when throwing the medicine ball, not just the arms.

  • Body twist: The player holds the ball with both hands a little below the waist. Next, the player bends their knees slightly. To make the throw, the player twists a little more and at the same time pushes with their legs and throws with their arms. This can be a quick, off the hip throw.
  • Over the head: The player faces away from the net and holds the ball in front of them about waist high with both hands. The player then bends their knees slightly. To make the throw the player uses their back as well as their arms and throws the ball over their head. This is the best way for a weaker player to serve the ball as it engages the whole body in the throw.
  • Trebuchet: This is a more advanced throw that is very effective. The player holds the ball in one hand, and fully extends their elbow off to the side of their body. To make the throw the player "cocks" their arm back while keeping the elbow straight, then takes a step forward, twists and releases the ball.
  • Spike: This throw can be used when the ball is caught in the front half of the court. Here the idea is for the player to jump as high as they can and throw the ball toward the opponents' back half. To make this throw the player holds the ball over their head, jumps up, and throws the ball over the net. The key to a successful spike is throwing the ball toward the ground as fast and hard as possible. The player does not want to lob the ball over the net in an arch; rather they want to throw it in a direct line to the opponents' back half.

Strategy

[edit]

There are many strategies that are used when playing Hooverball.

  • Strong players known for powerful throws can fake a long throw by grunting and pretending to throw far while throwing gently and just getting the ball over the net. If done correctly the opponents will expect a throw to the back court and often will not have enough time to rush forward for the short ball.
  • "Picking" on a weaker opponent by constantly throwing the ball to them to wear them out. This will wear out an inexperienced player and often result in them missing a catch. It's bad sportsmanship, though, and frowned upon.
  • Picking on an opponent but throwing the ball just to the same side each time. This may move the player in that direction and open up a hole in the team's defenses.
  • "Keep away" The heart of this strategy is keeping the ball away from the hands of the strongest member of the opposing team. Usually the strongest person will play the center so the idea is throw to the sides and corners to the other two players, assuming they are weaker.
  • 270 Dunk of Love. The player will catch the ball and then rotate in the air 270 degrees and then throw the red ball backwards over the half-line, thereby completing the dunk of love.
  • Big Daddy Biscuit. The player will lull the opponents with quick throws and then unleash a towering high-arcing lob, forcing a clumsy return that is smashed down by the front line.
  • The Slosh Pipe - Swing the ball in a low sidearm motion, using their hips to whip momentum, and send a heavy throw that forces the opponent to scoop it awkwardly off balance.

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Hooverball

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Hooverball is a vigorous that blends elements of , , and exercises, invented in 1928 by Admiral Joel T. Boone, the physician, to keep President physically fit during his presidency. The game is played on a standard measuring 66 feet by 30 feet, using an 8-foot net and a 4- to 6-pound , with players catching and immediately throwing the ball across the net without running or passing it to teammates. Scoring follows conventions—love, 15, 30, 40, and game—with matches typically consisting of the best of five or seven games, and points awarded for errors such as drops, out-of-bounds throws, or failures to return the ball to the opponent's back court. The sport originated from Boone's adaptation of the naval training game "bull-in-the-ring," which he observed during a 1928 goodwill tour of with Hoover, modifying it into a more structured activity to build endurance and strength among high-level government officials. Following Hoover's in March 1929, the game quickly became a daily ritual at 7 a.m. on the of the , earning the nickname "Medicine Ball Cabinet" for the group of participants that included cabinet members, justices, and other dignitaries, who played in nearly all weather conditions to foster camaraderie and health. It was formally dubbed "Hoover-ball" in 1931 by New York Times Magazine reporter William Atherton DuPuy, who highlighted its demanding nature in a newspaper article, noting that "stopping a six-pound ball with steam back of it... is not pink-tea stuff." President Hoover himself praised it as requiring "less skill than " but being "faster and more vigorous," making it accessible yet intensely physical. Though its popularity waned after Hoover left office in 1933, Hooverball persisted as a niche activity, with variations sometimes allowing women to serve from mid-court and permit one pass among teammates to accommodate differing physical demands. In modern times, the sport has experienced a revival, particularly through annual national championships hosted by the Hoover Presidential Foundation in —Hoover's birthplace—drawing teams of 2 to 4 players in adult and youth divisions since the late . These events, now in their 37th year as of 2024, emphasize the game's role in promoting fitness and community, with youth tournaments offering free participation and skill-building camps to introduce it to new generations.

History

Origins and Invention

Hooverball was invented in 1928 by Admiral Joel T. Boone, the White House physician to President Herbert Hoover, as a means to promote physical fitness through a vigorous yet accessible form of exercise. The game drew inspiration from "bull-in-the-ring," a medicine ball tossing activity observed by Hoover and Boone aboard the USS Utah during the president-elect's goodwill tour of South America in late 1928, which Boone adapted into a structured net-based sport combining elements of tennis, volleyball, and medicine ball. This creation addressed Hoover's sedentary lifestyle and concerns over weight gain, offering a low-impact alternative to running that emphasized throwing a heavy ball to build cardiovascular endurance and strength in short sessions. The initial purpose of Hooverball centered on establishing a daily morning routine to combat Hoover's increasing weight and maintain his health without demanding prolonged or high-impact activities, aligning with Boone's medical recommendations for efficient exercise. Sessions were designed to last about 30 minutes, providing intense physical exertion that Boone described as faster and more demanding than , thus yielding greater fitness benefits in less time. What began as one-on-one workouts between Boone and Hoover evolved into a group activity shortly after on , 1929, with the first organized games occurring just four days later. The inaugural games took place on the of the , utilizing a standard net set at eight feet high and a six-pound , transforming the informal tosses into a competitive team format. Hoover participated enthusiastically alongside cabinet members, staff, and other dignitaries—ranging from four to eighteen players per session—forming what became known as the "Medicine Ball Cabinet," a group that convened at 7 a.m. most mornings for the routine. This setup not only fulfilled its health objectives but also briefly fostered team spirit among administration officials before evolving further into a broader sport.

White House Era and Early Popularity

During Herbert Hoover's presidency from 1929 to 1933, Hooverball emerged as a regular morning ritual on the South Lawn of the White House, beginning just four days after his March 4, 1929, inauguration. The games, held daily from 7:00 to 7:30 a.m. except on Sundays and holidays, involved teams of 2 to 4 players per side, drawing 4 to 18 participants including Hoover himself, cabinet officials such as Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur, and other dignitaries like Associate Justice Harlan F. Stone and journalist Mark Sullivan. These sessions, played rain or shine and using a 6-pound medicine ball tossed over an 8-foot net, evolved from informal solo exercises inspired by a 1928 shipboard game Hoover observed into structured competitive team play that emphasized vigorous physical activity. The activity quickly became a hallmark of White House culture, fostering camaraderie among participants—informally dubbed the "Medicine Ball Cabinet"—and serving as a form of stress relief amid the escalating challenges of the , which began later in 1929. Hoover, who prioritized despite his demanding schedule, viewed the games as essential for maintaining health and morale, with physician Joel T. Boone designing them to burn calories efficiently in a short time. The routine not only built team spirit but also symbolized a lighter, more approachable side of the administration during economic turmoil. Early public exposure came through 1930s media coverage, with newspapers like The New York Times describing the sessions as "medicine ball tennis" and featuring photos of Hoover and his aides in action on the White House lawn between 1931 and 1933. The term "Hooverball" was coined in 1931 by New York Times Magazine reporter William Atherton DuPuy in his article "At the White House at 7 A.M.," while friend Will Irwin highlighted its intensity in a Physical Culture piece titled "The President Watches His Waistline," noting it as more strenuous than boxing or football. These accounts portrayed the game as a novel presidential pastime, blending exercise with social bonding. Hooverball's prominence waned after Hoover left office in March 1933, with the daily White House games ceasing entirely as the tradition tied closely to his personal routine. It endured through personal anecdotes in memoirs of Hoover and Wilbur—who recalled that "only absence from Washington kept us away"—and in an article by Irwin, preserving its legacy as a unique facet of the era.

Gameplay

Equipment and Court Setup

Hooverball is played on a rectangular measuring 30 feet wide by 66 feet long, divided evenly into two halves by the , akin to a layout but without dedicated serving baselines. The court is typically marked with or tape to delineate the front and back halves of each side, facilitating rules on ball placement during play. The net, constructed from standard volleyball netting material, stands 8 feet high at the center and spans the full width of the court. The primary piece of equipment is a weighing 4 to 6 pounds, with the 6-pound version used in traditional games; it features a exterior for grip and durability, filled with stuffing or similar material to achieve the desired weight. Optional accessories include boundary markers if playing on unmarked surfaces, and players are advised to wear athletic attire with non-slip, rubber-soled shoes to accommodate quick movements and pivots. During its White House era, the game was often set up on the south lawn using portable nets and balls. Setup can vary between indoor and outdoor environments to suit available spaces: outdoor play commonly occurs on grass or sand surfaces for natural traction, while indoor games utilize gym floors for controlled conditions.

Core Rules and Scoring

Hooverball is played by teams of 2 to 4 players per side, with national championships using teams of 3 players and allowing 1 to 2 substitutes; there are no fixed positions, allowing players to move freely across the court, though serving rotates among team members to promote fairness. The objective is to score points by heaving the medicine ball over an 8-foot volleyball net into the opponent's court in a manner that prevents them from catching and legally returning it; the ball must be caught on the fly and immediately thrown back from the point of catch, with no running while holding the ball or passing to teammates permitted. Throws are executed underhand or with a hip snap motion, akin to a kettlebell swing, though overhand heaves are also used; hitting, spiking, or volleying the ball is prohibited to maintain the game's emphasis on controlled catching and throwing. Each team's court is divided into front and back halves by a mid-court line, which counts as part of the front court; a caught in the front half must be returned to the opponent's back half, while catches in the back half can be returned to any area of the opponent's , and failure to comply results in a point for the opponents. Other faults include failing to catch the , returning it without crossing the , throwing it (though a touching the boundary line is in play), or carrying the across the court boundary without returning it inbounds; a that hits the remains live but must still satisfy court area requirements if thrown from the front half. The game begins with a serve from the back line, which rotates among one team's players until they win the game, after which teams alternate serving and switch courts every two games; play is continuous thereafter from any position following each return. Points are awarded using scoring (love-15-30-40-game), with a team needing to reach four points while leading by two; if tied at 40-40 (deuce), play continues until one team gains a two-point advantage (advantage in or out). A match consists of the best of five or seven games, and substitutions are permitted freely during dead-ball situations in non-competitive play.

Techniques

Types of Throws

In Hooverball, throws are executed immediately after catching the ball on the fly, with techniques varying by court position to ensure compliance with rules requiring returns to specific halves of the opponent's court. These throws emphasize full-body engagement to handle the 4- to 6-pound , promoting explosive power from the core, hips, and upper body. The underhand throw is commonly used for front-court returns, involving a pendulum swing from below the waist to prioritize control and accuracy over distance. Players generate through a hip snap, akin to a , allowing the ball to arc over the net while minimizing strain on the shoulders. This technique is particularly effective for quick, precise placements in the opponent's back court. The two-handed overhead throw resembles a chest pass but with full arm extension to deliver power across the . Executed by gripping the with both hands and thrusting upward from the chest, it propels the into the front half of the opponent's court, often with significant force to challenge their reception. Each Hooverball requires coordinated full-body engagement, including leg drive, core stabilization, and upper-body extension, contributing to the sport's high intensity.

Player Positioning and Movement

In Hooverball, players begin in starting positions spread across their half of the to maximize coverage, with one player often positioned closer to the for rapid interceptions while others align nearer the sidelines to defend wider angles. This arrangement allows teams of two to four players per side to respond effectively to the ball's trajectory without overlapping responsibilities. Movement during play emphasizes and coordination, featuring constant shuffling, pivoting, and lateral slides to intercept incoming throws, as full running is prohibited to prevent carrying the ball before the return. These patterns prioritize short, explosive bursts over sustained , mirroring volleyball's side-to-side dynamics but adapted for the medicine ball's weight, which demands quick directional changes to avoid fatigue. Rotation rules are flexible and informal, with serving duties cycling among teammates until a game concludes, and substitutions permitted during dead balls to distribute the physical load evenly. In variants like youth play, an additional player rotates onto the after each point to balance participation and reduce strain from the 6-pound ball's repetitive impact on arms and core muscles. The defensive stance requires knees bent in an athletic position with a wide base for stability, hands extended and ready for a two-handed catch to absorb the ball's effectively. This setup facilitates explosive, multi-joint movements involving torsion and extension, enabling players to cover short distances rapidly while preparing for immediate throws such as underhand hip snaps or overhead tosses. To prevent injuries, players employ techniques like proper form during catches and returns, including controlled deceleration to absorb eccentric forces, alongside pre-game warm-ups focusing on and strength to safeguard shoulders and knees from the sport's repetitive stresses. Regular incorporation of neuromotor exercises and moderate cardiovascular conditioning further supports safe participation by enhancing overall resilience to the game's demands.

Strategy

Offensive Tactics

In Hooverball, offensive tactics emphasize precise placement and power to exploit the court's front-to-back division, forcing opponents into challenging returns that increase error rates. Players target weak receivers by aiming throws toward the sidelines or corners, compelling catches in the back court where the medicine ball's weight—typically 4 to 6 pounds—demands greater force for the mandatory long-distance hurl back over the net. This approach heightens the likelihood of drops or out-of-bounds errors, as the rules require returns from the front half to land in the opponent's back half. A core offensive strategy involves using varied throws to prolong play and fatigue opponents. Throws include underhand motions with a hip snap for accuracy and , as well as explosive multi-joint throws like the body twist or for power. This maximizes court usage by alternating front-to-back throws, drawing defenders out of position and creating openings for unreachable placements. Team coordination enhances offensive effectiveness through synchronized movement and role specialization, with players communicating to position for effective throws. Tempo control adds unpredictability, employing tosses to prolong rallies and wear down opponents physically—equivalent to hours of other sports in intensity—before surprising with rapid accelerations. Strategies are often informal and adapted via house rules to suit players.

Defensive Tactics

Defensive tactics in Hooverball focus on neutralizing opponent attacks through strategic positioning, precise catching, and to regain possession and extend rallies. Players emphasize anticipation of throws based on opponent tendencies, using the 's division into front and back halves to dictate favorable returns. Effective defense relies on to cover the 30-by-66-foot , where the heavy 's momentum demands quick reactions to prevent faults like failed catches or out-of-bounds returns. Teams coordinate to cover the court and intercept throws, with players positioning to target weak spots in the opponent's formation. Teammates communicate to coordinate catches and identify tired opponents, as seen in competitive matches. Catch-and-return efficiency is paramount, as the rules mandate catching the ball on the fly with a stable, wide stance to absorb its 4-to-6-pound weight and immediately throwing it back across the net without running or passing. Defensive players prioritize two-handed catches to secure clean possession and avoid points lost to drops, especially when the ball lands in the front court, requiring a return to the opponent's back half for men or any area for women. This immediate counter-throw disrupts the opponent's rhythm, turning defense into a swift transition to offense while minimizing exposure to aggressive follow-ups. To force errors, defenders employ high overhead returns that exploit the ball's weight, pushing opponents into awkward back-court positions where the required deep catch increases the risk of mishandling or fatigue-induced mistakes. By prolonging volleys through controlled, accurate throws, teams wear down opponents, targeting tired players who struggle with the explosive multi-joint demands of repeated catches and throws. This tactic leverages the sport's high-intensity nature, where sustained play equivalent to hours of other activities quickly amplifies physical strain, with volleys sometimes reaching 20-30 exchanges. Recovery from faults involves rapid repositioning after conceding a point, with players resetting to baseline positions to disrupt the opponent's serving rhythm and prepare for the next exchange. Teams observe and counter opponents' tactics to maintain defensive integrity. Endurance strategies are critical given the sport's demanding cardiovascular load, with defenders pacing energy by minimizing unnecessary movement on straightforward catches while conserving stamina for intense volleys. Rotating players in larger teams or using substitutes in youth variants helps sustain performance over 15- to 30-minute matches, allowing teams to outlast opponents through patient defense that extends rallies and capitalizes on eventual errors.

Variations

Modern Adaptations and Lighter Variants

In recent years, Hooverball has seen adaptations aimed at beginners and younger players through the use of lighter balls weighing 2 to 4 pounds, particularly in divisions as outlined in the Hoover Presidential Foundation's 2020 rules guidelines. These variants relax the traditional two-handed, immediate-return requirement by permitting one step while throwing or passing and allowing one pass among teammates before returning the over the net, making the game more accessible while maintaining its core emphasis on underhand throws. Such modifications are specifically applied in divisions for 4th through 9th graders, where a 2-pound is used for grades 4–7 and a 4-pound for grades 8–9, fostering skill development without the intensity of the standard 4- to 6-pound . Co-ed teams are standard in lower divisions (grades 4–7), promoting inclusivity across abilities. Team sizes have been expanded to up to five players per side in some tournaments. Since 2019, digital integrations have supported home setups through instructional videos produced by the Hoover Presidential Foundation, demonstrating simplified rules and equipment needs for solo or small-group practice. Hooverball can be played on grass or sand surfaces using portable 8-foot nets, with lightweight ball options suitable for uneven terrain.

Legacy and Modern Practice

Cultural and Health Impact

Hooverball, devised in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover's physician Admiral Joel T. Boone as a means to promote and cardiovascular health amid the presidency's sedentary demands, has been examined in for its physical benefits and risks. The game delivers a high-intensity, full-body workout through multi- explosive movements involving torsion, flexion, and extension, which strengthen core, upper body, and lower body muscles while minimizing stress due to its stationary nature on a . Fitness analyses emphasize its efficacy for cardiovascular conditioning, with participants experiencing elevated heart rates comparable to intense aerobic activities, a feature that contributed to Hoover's reported 25-pound during regular play. Hooverball's energy demands are substantial, providing an intense conditioning workout. This profile positions it as a potential alternative for cardiovascular health since , particularly for individuals seeking joint-friendly exercise. However, traditional play with a heavy raises concerns for shoulder strain and other overuse injuries, such as issues from repetitive overhead throws; clinical guidelines advocate warm-up routines and prehabilitation exercises to mitigate these risks. Culturally, Hooverball embodies – ideals of presidential fitness, serving as a symbol of executive wellness that inspired later programs emphasizing for leaders. Its revival in the late 1980s through the Hoover Presidential Foundation highlighted "forgotten" American sports in media coverage, fostering renewed interest in historical fitness traditions. As a team-based activity requiring coordination among 2–4 players per side, it promotes and inclusivity across fitness levels, enhancing social bonds through collaborative play. Elements of Hooverball have influenced modern fitness landscapes, notably in CrossFit's drills that incorporate its throwing mechanics for power development and in corporate team-building exercises that adapt its group dynamics for workplace cohesion.

Current Events and Tournaments

The annual Hoover-Ball National Championship Tournament, held each August in , during Hoover's Hometown Days, serves as the premier event for the sport and has been organized since its revival in the late 1980s. The 37th edition occurred on August 10, 2024, featuring youth competitions on Friday and adult divisions on Saturday, with teams of 3-5 players in men's and women's categories for adults and co-ed groups for youth in grades 4-9. The 38th edition was held on August 8-9, 2025, including free pre-event clinics, and offered cash prizes up to $200 for adult winners alongside medals for all divisions; in the adult championships, Brucie's won the women's division and Herb's won the men's division. The Hoover Presidential Foundation oversees the event and has standardized Hooverball rules to ensure consistency, defining a 66-by-30-foot court, an 8-foot net, a 4-to-6-pound , and tennis-style scoring where points are awarded for faults like drops or out-of-bounds throws. Youth variants use lighter 2-pound balls and adjusted team sizes of 4-5 players across four divisions. In 2024, coverage in highlighted Hooverball's role as a high-intensity workout akin to HIIT, tying into the 150th anniversary celebrations of Herbert Hoover's birth and noting its growing appeal for fitness enthusiasts. The foundation describes the sport's revival as fostering a "cult-like following," with community play in settings like youth camps, though organized leagues remain limited outside the national event.

References

  1. https://hoover.archives.gov/hoovers/history-hoover-ball
  2. https://www.nps.gov/teachers/classrooms/hooverball.htm
  3. https://hooverpresidentialfoundation.org/hoover-ball/
  4. https://www.britannica.com/sports/Hooverball
  5. https://www.sbnation.com/21333987/hooverball-sport-game-herbert-hoover-medicine-ball-volleyball
  6. https://www.med.navy.mil/Media/News/Article/2848758/keeping-mr-hoover-fit-navy-medicine-and-the-medicine-ball-cabinet/
  7. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/president-hoover-plays-medicine-ball
  8. https://www.med.navy.mil/Media/News/Article/2608955/dr-boone-and-the-creation-of-the-medicine-ball-cabinet/
  9. https://www.nytimes.com/1929/03/26/archives/hoover-starts-with-medicine-ball-cabinet-morning-exercise-in-white.html
  10. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/keeping-up-with-the-hoovers-dining-diplomacy-and-entertainment-at-the-white-house
  11. https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/entertainment/2024/08/08/what-is-hooverball-and-how-to-play-the-game-named-after-the-31st-president-herbert-hoover/74706967007/
  12. https://commonplacefacts.com/2022/09/16/hoover-ball-game-invented-president-lose-weight/
  13. https://hooverpresidentialfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Hoover-BallRules.pdf
  14. https://hooverpresidentialfoundation.org/continuing-the-hoover-ball-tradition/
  15. https://hooverpresidentialfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Hoover-BallHistory.pdf
  16. https://library.crossfit.com/free/pdf/06_03_Hoover_Ball.pdf
  17. https://games.crossfit.com/article/hooverball
  18. https://www.southwesthooverball.com/rules
  19. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8008713/
  20. https://iowastatedaily.com/92476/sports/presidents-sport-arrives-at-iowa-state/
  21. https://hooverpresidentialfoundation.org/youthhoover-ball/
  22. https://katyelitevolleyball.com/hooverball/
  23. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-04-05-vw-1941-story.html
  24. https://www.dvidshub.net/news/101522/mals-24-latches-onto-hooverball
  25. https://www.hooverdays.org/hooverball
  26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrQ_Bqq9eck
  27. https://medicaljournals.se/jrm/content/html/10.2340/20030711-1000038
  28. https://medicaljournalssweden.se/jrm-cc/article/view/2646
  29. https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2016/03/05/hoover-ball-crossfit-president-politics
  30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33884140/
  31. https://www.westbranchtimes.com/article.php?viewID=20995
  32. https://www.westbranchtimes.com/article.php?id=21963
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