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Huanglan
The Huanglan or Imperial Mirror was one of the oldest Chinese encyclopedias or leishu "classified dictionary". Cao Pi, the first emperor of the Wei, ordered its compilation upon his accession to the throne in 220 and it was completed in 222. The purpose of the Huanglan was to provide the emperor and ministers of state with conveniently arranged summaries of all that was known at the time. Complete versions of the Huanglan existed until the Song dynasty (960-1279), when it became a mostly lost work, although some fragments did survive in other encyclopedias and anthologies. The Huanglan was the prototype of the classified encyclopedia and served as a model for later ones such as the (624) Tang Yiwen Leiju and the (1408) Ming Yongle dadian.
The title combines huáng 皇 "emperor; imperial" and lǎn 覽 "see; look at; watch; inspect; display" (compare the Taiping Yulan encyclopedia). This character 覽 redundantly combines jiàn 見 "‘see" and the phonetic element jiān 監 < Old Chinese *kˁram "see; look at; inspect", which was an ancient graphic variant character for jiàn < *kˁram-s 鑑 or 鑒 "mirror", cognate with jìng 鏡 *qraŋ-s "mirror".
Five centuries before the title Huanglan first occurred, but the words huang (before it meant "emperor") and lan co-occur in the Chuci poem Li Sao "Encountering Sorrow", believed to be written by Qu Yuan (c. 340-278 BCE). The 1st line establishes the poet's noble ancestry from Zhuanxu, the legendary Yellow Emperor's grandson, the 2nd describes his auspicious birth, and the 3rd line says, "My father, seeing the aspect of my nativity (皇覽揆余初度兮), Took omens to give me an auspicious name". In this context, huang 皇 means "august; stately; revered" in reference to the poet's father and lan 覽 means "see".
The "mirror" meaning of the Chinese lan in Huanglan parallels the Medieval genre of speculum literature that aimed to encompass encyclopedic knowledge in a single work (e.g., Albertus Magnus's Speculum astronomiae), and the modern scholarly survey article that summarizes a field of knowledge.
Although the title is usually transliterated Huanglan or Huang Lan, some English translations are:
Beginning with the 3rd-century Huanglan, the first Chinese "encyclopedia" genre was the "imperial florilegium" that compiled excerpts from other writings and arranged them under appropriate headings for the convenience of the emperor and his ministers. Chinese traditional leishu encyclopedias differ from Western encyclopedias in that they consist almost entirely of selected quotations from written sources and arranged by a set of categories, the name encyclopedia having been applied to them because they embrace the whole realm of knowledge.
The emperor summoned a group of Confucian scholars to compile a completely new type of reference work that would provide the emperor and his ministers with a quick source for finding moral and political precedents. The chief editor Mou Xi 繆襲 (186-245) collaborated with Liu Shao, Huan Fan, Wang Xiang 王象, Wei Dan 韋誕, and other scholars.
Cao Pi instructed his officials to collect all the available classical philosophical texts and their commentaries, and to arrange them in suilei xiangcong 隨類相從 "successive categories". The Huanglan compilers adopted the macrostructure of the (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya dictionary with explicitly labelled sections, the microstructure of the (c. 239 BCE) Lüshi Chunqiu. The original Huanglan was divided into over 40 sections and comprised over 1000 chapters.
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Huanglan
The Huanglan or Imperial Mirror was one of the oldest Chinese encyclopedias or leishu "classified dictionary". Cao Pi, the first emperor of the Wei, ordered its compilation upon his accession to the throne in 220 and it was completed in 222. The purpose of the Huanglan was to provide the emperor and ministers of state with conveniently arranged summaries of all that was known at the time. Complete versions of the Huanglan existed until the Song dynasty (960-1279), when it became a mostly lost work, although some fragments did survive in other encyclopedias and anthologies. The Huanglan was the prototype of the classified encyclopedia and served as a model for later ones such as the (624) Tang Yiwen Leiju and the (1408) Ming Yongle dadian.
The title combines huáng 皇 "emperor; imperial" and lǎn 覽 "see; look at; watch; inspect; display" (compare the Taiping Yulan encyclopedia). This character 覽 redundantly combines jiàn 見 "‘see" and the phonetic element jiān 監 < Old Chinese *kˁram "see; look at; inspect", which was an ancient graphic variant character for jiàn < *kˁram-s 鑑 or 鑒 "mirror", cognate with jìng 鏡 *qraŋ-s "mirror".
Five centuries before the title Huanglan first occurred, but the words huang (before it meant "emperor") and lan co-occur in the Chuci poem Li Sao "Encountering Sorrow", believed to be written by Qu Yuan (c. 340-278 BCE). The 1st line establishes the poet's noble ancestry from Zhuanxu, the legendary Yellow Emperor's grandson, the 2nd describes his auspicious birth, and the 3rd line says, "My father, seeing the aspect of my nativity (皇覽揆余初度兮), Took omens to give me an auspicious name". In this context, huang 皇 means "august; stately; revered" in reference to the poet's father and lan 覽 means "see".
The "mirror" meaning of the Chinese lan in Huanglan parallels the Medieval genre of speculum literature that aimed to encompass encyclopedic knowledge in a single work (e.g., Albertus Magnus's Speculum astronomiae), and the modern scholarly survey article that summarizes a field of knowledge.
Although the title is usually transliterated Huanglan or Huang Lan, some English translations are:
Beginning with the 3rd-century Huanglan, the first Chinese "encyclopedia" genre was the "imperial florilegium" that compiled excerpts from other writings and arranged them under appropriate headings for the convenience of the emperor and his ministers. Chinese traditional leishu encyclopedias differ from Western encyclopedias in that they consist almost entirely of selected quotations from written sources and arranged by a set of categories, the name encyclopedia having been applied to them because they embrace the whole realm of knowledge.
The emperor summoned a group of Confucian scholars to compile a completely new type of reference work that would provide the emperor and his ministers with a quick source for finding moral and political precedents. The chief editor Mou Xi 繆襲 (186-245) collaborated with Liu Shao, Huan Fan, Wang Xiang 王象, Wei Dan 韋誕, and other scholars.
Cao Pi instructed his officials to collect all the available classical philosophical texts and their commentaries, and to arrange them in suilei xiangcong 隨類相從 "successive categories". The Huanglan compilers adopted the macrostructure of the (c. 3rd century BCE) Erya dictionary with explicitly labelled sections, the microstructure of the (c. 239 BCE) Lüshi Chunqiu. The original Huanglan was divided into over 40 sections and comprised over 1000 chapters.