Hussein Kamel of Egypt

Hussein Kamel was the second son of Khedive Ismail Pasha, who ruled Egypt from 1863 to 1879. He was declared Sultan of Egypt on 19 December 1914, after the occupying British forces had deposed his nephew, Khedive Abbas Hilmi II, on 5 November 1914. Though presented as the re-establishment of the pre-Ottoman Egyptian sultanate, the newly created Sultanate of Egypt was to be a British protectorate, with effective political and military power vested in British officials. This brought to an end the de jure Ottoman sovereignty over Egypt, which had been largely nominal since Muhammad Ali's seizure of power in 1805.

In 1915, Kamel was the target of two assassination attempts. The first occurred on 9 April 1915, when an assassin targeted the Sultan's carriage while in Cairo. A second attempt was made exactly 3 months later, on 9 July 1915, when a bomb was thrown at Hussein Kamel's carriage as he travelled to a mosque for Friday prayers.^[1]

Upon Hussein Kamel's death, his only son, Prince Kamal el Dine Hussein, declined the succession, and Hussein Kamel's brother Ahmed Fuad ascended the throne as Fuad I. At the beginning of Naguib Mahfouz's novel Palace Walk, Ahmad Abd al-Jawwad says "What a fine man Prince Kamal al-Din Husayn is! Do you know what he did? He refused to ascend the throne of his late father so long as the British are in charge."^[2]

Stereoscope photographs of the coronation and burial processions of Sultan Hussein are available on the Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library of the American University in Cairo.

Domestic^{[citation needed]}

• Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Muhammad Ali
• Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Ismail
• Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Nile
• Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Virtues

Foreign^{[citation needed]}

• Ottoman Empire: Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class
• Ottoman Empire: Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class
• Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1869^[3]
• Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword, 1891^[4]
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Honorary Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (civil division), 19 December 1914^[5]
• French Third Republic: Grand Cross of the Legion d'Honneur, 1916
• Kingdom of Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1916
• Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer, 1916
• Kingdom of Romania: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, 1916
• Belgium: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II, 1917