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Iran–Israel war
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Iran–Israel war
The Iran–Israel war (13 June – 25 June 2025), also known as the Twelve-Day War, was an armed conflict in the Middle East. The war began when Israel bombed military and nuclear facilities in Iran in a surprise attack, assassinating prominent military leaders, nuclear scientists, and politicians, killing civilians, and damaging or destroying air defenses. Iran retaliated with over 550 ballistic missiles and over 1,000 suicide drones, hitting civilian population centers, one hospital and at least twelve military, energy, and government sites. The United States intercepted Iranian attacks, and bombed three Iranian nuclear sites on 22 June. Iran retaliated by firing missiles at a US base in Qatar. On 24 June, Israel and Iran agreed to a ceasefire under US pressure.
The war followed a decades-long proxy war. Iran has called for Israel's destruction, and armed Hamas in Gaza and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Following the October 7 attacks in 2023, both entered open conflict with Israel. In April 2024, Israel bombed Iran's consulate in Damascus, Syria, killing senior Iranian officials. Direct conflict continued in April and October.
Iran's nuclear program has caused international concern for over a decade. Israel considers it an existential threat. In 2015, under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), six countries lifted sanctions on Iran, which froze its nuclear program. In 2018, US president Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew from the plan. Iran began stockpiling enriched uranium and largely suspended International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitoring. The day before Israel attacked, the IAEA declared Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations in a resolution put forward by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany.
Iran's nuclear facilities were extensively damaged. The IAEA and many observers believe Iran evacuated its enriched uranium, delaying its nuclear program by only a few months. Other analysts and Israeli and Western officials said the delay was longer. Iran suspended cooperation with the IAEA, which it said had passed information about nuclear facilities and scientists to Israel.
Iran’s total death toll has been estimated at between 1,060 and 1,190; thousands were wounded, tens of thousands were displaced, and the government ordered internet blackouts. Israel struck a hospital, and high-rise buildings, including apartments. Iranian missiles struck military and government sites, apartments, a research center, and a hospital. Tightened censorship in Israel made the extent of physical damage unclear.
The International Commission of Jurists and some legal scholars said the Israeli strikes violated international law. The United Nations and most countries expressed concern and called for a diplomatic solution. Most countries, including most Muslim-majority and Arab states, condemned Israel's strikes. Other countries supported the strikes to prevent nuclear proliferation, and demanded Iran accept a nuclear deal.
Israel enjoyed a close relationship with the Pahlavi monarchy until the Iranian Revolution, when the monarchy was ousted and replaced by an anti-Western theocratic Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. Ever since, Iran's government has repeatedly pledged to destroy Israel. Khomeini ended cooperation with Israel and denounced its occupation of Palestinian territories. As time passed, Iran tried to win Arab support by increasingly antagonizing Israel. Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, has previously referred to Israel as a "cancerous tumour" and called for the country to be destroyed. Israel considers the Iranian nuclear program an existential threat, fearing that Iran will develop a nuclear weapon.
In 2024, the two countries attacked each other openly and directly for the first time following decades of proxy war. In April 2024, an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus killed Iranian officers. Iran retaliated with strikes on Israel in April 2024, to which Israel then retaliated with strikes on Iran. In July 2024, Israel assassinated Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Iran's capital Tehran, and then assassinated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and prominent IRGC commander Abbas Nilforoushan in Lebanon in September 2024. In October 2024, Iran struck Israel, and Israel struck Iran. The latter Israeli strikes destroyed Iran's Russian-supplied defensive S-300 missile system, paving the way for potential future Israeli strikes. Iranian authorities have refuted any claims of damage to the system.
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Iran–Israel war
The Iran–Israel war (13 June – 25 June 2025), also known as the Twelve-Day War, was an armed conflict in the Middle East. The war began when Israel bombed military and nuclear facilities in Iran in a surprise attack, assassinating prominent military leaders, nuclear scientists, and politicians, killing civilians, and damaging or destroying air defenses. Iran retaliated with over 550 ballistic missiles and over 1,000 suicide drones, hitting civilian population centers, one hospital and at least twelve military, energy, and government sites. The United States intercepted Iranian attacks, and bombed three Iranian nuclear sites on 22 June. Iran retaliated by firing missiles at a US base in Qatar. On 24 June, Israel and Iran agreed to a ceasefire under US pressure.
The war followed a decades-long proxy war. Iran has called for Israel's destruction, and armed Hamas in Gaza and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Following the October 7 attacks in 2023, both entered open conflict with Israel. In April 2024, Israel bombed Iran's consulate in Damascus, Syria, killing senior Iranian officials. Direct conflict continued in April and October.
Iran's nuclear program has caused international concern for over a decade. Israel considers it an existential threat. In 2015, under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), six countries lifted sanctions on Iran, which froze its nuclear program. In 2018, US president Donald Trump unilaterally withdrew from the plan. Iran began stockpiling enriched uranium and largely suspended International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitoring. The day before Israel attacked, the IAEA declared Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations in a resolution put forward by the United States, United Kingdom, France, and Germany.
Iran's nuclear facilities were extensively damaged. The IAEA and many observers believe Iran evacuated its enriched uranium, delaying its nuclear program by only a few months. Other analysts and Israeli and Western officials said the delay was longer. Iran suspended cooperation with the IAEA, which it said had passed information about nuclear facilities and scientists to Israel.
Iran’s total death toll has been estimated at between 1,060 and 1,190; thousands were wounded, tens of thousands were displaced, and the government ordered internet blackouts. Israel struck a hospital, and high-rise buildings, including apartments. Iranian missiles struck military and government sites, apartments, a research center, and a hospital. Tightened censorship in Israel made the extent of physical damage unclear.
The International Commission of Jurists and some legal scholars said the Israeli strikes violated international law. The United Nations and most countries expressed concern and called for a diplomatic solution. Most countries, including most Muslim-majority and Arab states, condemned Israel's strikes. Other countries supported the strikes to prevent nuclear proliferation, and demanded Iran accept a nuclear deal.
Israel enjoyed a close relationship with the Pahlavi monarchy until the Iranian Revolution, when the monarchy was ousted and replaced by an anti-Western theocratic Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. Ever since, Iran's government has repeatedly pledged to destroy Israel. Khomeini ended cooperation with Israel and denounced its occupation of Palestinian territories. As time passed, Iran tried to win Arab support by increasingly antagonizing Israel. Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, has previously referred to Israel as a "cancerous tumour" and called for the country to be destroyed. Israel considers the Iranian nuclear program an existential threat, fearing that Iran will develop a nuclear weapon.
In 2024, the two countries attacked each other openly and directly for the first time following decades of proxy war. In April 2024, an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus killed Iranian officers. Iran retaliated with strikes on Israel in April 2024, to which Israel then retaliated with strikes on Iran. In July 2024, Israel assassinated Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Iran's capital Tehran, and then assassinated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah and prominent IRGC commander Abbas Nilforoushan in Lebanon in September 2024. In October 2024, Iran struck Israel, and Israel struck Iran. The latter Israeli strikes destroyed Iran's Russian-supplied defensive S-300 missile system, paving the way for potential future Israeli strikes. Iranian authorities have refuted any claims of damage to the system.
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