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Israel and weapons of mass destruction
Israel is the only country in the Middle East to possess nuclear weapons. Israel is also suspected to possess chemical and biological weapons.
Israel's stockpile is estimated at 90 to 400 nuclear weapons. It is speculated to operate a nuclear triad of delivery options: by F-15I and F-16I fighters, by submarine-launched cruise missiles, and by Jericho medium and intercontinental range ballistic missiles. Its first deliverable nuclear weapon is estimated to have been completed in late 1966 or early 1967, which would make it the sixth nuclear-armed country.
Israel maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity, choosing not to formally deny or admit the extent of its nuclear, chemical, and biological warfare capabilities; it is the only nuclear-armed country to do so. Citing security threats, Israel rejects international calls to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons or to participate in negotiations of a Middle East weapons of mass destruction free zone. Israel's Begin Doctrine describes its pre-emptive strikes against nuclear facilities of other Middle Eastern countries, bombing an Iraqi reactor in 1981, a Syrian reactor in 2007, and Iranian nuclear facilities during the 2025 Iran–Israel war.
Israeli policy rejects open nuclear weapons testing, but it is suspected of carrying out a 1979 covert nuclear test responsible for the Vela incident, as part of its collaboration with the South African nuclear weapons program.
The U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment has recorded Israel as a country generally reported as having undeclared chemical warfare capabilities, and an offensive biological warfare program. Israel carried out biological warfare in Operation Cast Thy Bread, against Palestinians during the 1948 Palestine war.
The collective acronym used in Israel for "atomic, biological, and chemical" weapons is the Hebrew acronym: Aleph–Bet–Kaph (Hebrew: אב"כ or אב״ך for Hebrew: אטומית ביולוגית כימית, lit. 'Atomic Biological Chemical').
It is believed that Israel possessed an operational nuclear weapons capability by 1967, with the mass production of nuclear warheads occurring immediately after the Six-Day War. Experts estimated the stockpile of Israeli nuclear weapons range from 60 to as many as 400. It is unknown if Israel's reported thermonuclear weapons are in the megaton range. Israel is also reported to possess a wide range of different systems, including neutron bombs, tactical nuclear weapons, and suitcase nukes. Israel is believed to manufacture its nuclear weapons at the Negev Nuclear Research Center.
In 2021, Palestine made a declaration to the UN under its ratification of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, that it had never hosted nuclear weapons to its knowledge, and attributing responsibility to Israel for any potential nuclear program-related activities in the occupied Palestinian territories.
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Israel and weapons of mass destruction
Israel is the only country in the Middle East to possess nuclear weapons. Israel is also suspected to possess chemical and biological weapons.
Israel's stockpile is estimated at 90 to 400 nuclear weapons. It is speculated to operate a nuclear triad of delivery options: by F-15I and F-16I fighters, by submarine-launched cruise missiles, and by Jericho medium and intercontinental range ballistic missiles. Its first deliverable nuclear weapon is estimated to have been completed in late 1966 or early 1967, which would make it the sixth nuclear-armed country.
Israel maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity, choosing not to formally deny or admit the extent of its nuclear, chemical, and biological warfare capabilities; it is the only nuclear-armed country to do so. Citing security threats, Israel rejects international calls to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons or to participate in negotiations of a Middle East weapons of mass destruction free zone. Israel's Begin Doctrine describes its pre-emptive strikes against nuclear facilities of other Middle Eastern countries, bombing an Iraqi reactor in 1981, a Syrian reactor in 2007, and Iranian nuclear facilities during the 2025 Iran–Israel war.
Israeli policy rejects open nuclear weapons testing, but it is suspected of carrying out a 1979 covert nuclear test responsible for the Vela incident, as part of its collaboration with the South African nuclear weapons program.
The U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment has recorded Israel as a country generally reported as having undeclared chemical warfare capabilities, and an offensive biological warfare program. Israel carried out biological warfare in Operation Cast Thy Bread, against Palestinians during the 1948 Palestine war.
The collective acronym used in Israel for "atomic, biological, and chemical" weapons is the Hebrew acronym: Aleph–Bet–Kaph (Hebrew: אב"כ or אב״ך for Hebrew: אטומית ביולוגית כימית, lit. 'Atomic Biological Chemical').
It is believed that Israel possessed an operational nuclear weapons capability by 1967, with the mass production of nuclear warheads occurring immediately after the Six-Day War. Experts estimated the stockpile of Israeli nuclear weapons range from 60 to as many as 400. It is unknown if Israel's reported thermonuclear weapons are in the megaton range. Israel is also reported to possess a wide range of different systems, including neutron bombs, tactical nuclear weapons, and suitcase nukes. Israel is believed to manufacture its nuclear weapons at the Negev Nuclear Research Center.
In 2021, Palestine made a declaration to the UN under its ratification of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, that it had never hosted nuclear weapons to its knowledge, and attributing responsibility to Israel for any potential nuclear program-related activities in the occupied Palestinian territories.