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Jess Collins (August 6, 1923 – January 2, 2004), known today simply as Jess, was an American visual artist.

Key Information

Life and career

[edit]

Jess was born Burgess Franklin Collins in Long Beach, California. He was drafted into the military and worked on the production of plutonium for the Manhattan Project.[2] After his discharge in 1946, Jess worked at the Hanford Atomic Energy Project in Richland, Washington, and painted in his spare time, but his dismay at the threat of atomic weapons led him to abandon his scientific career and focus on his art.

In 1949, Jess enrolled in the California School of the Arts (subsequently the San Francisco Art Institute) where he studied under Clyfford Still, David Park, Hassel Smith, and Edward Corbett. He received a BFA degree in 1951. in 1949 he broke with his family, and thereafter referred to himself simply as "Jess."[2][3]

He met Robert Duncan in 1950 and began a relationship with the poet that lasted for 37 years until Duncan's death in 1988. The two men lived and worked for decades from their historic Victorian home in the Mission District, "a wonderland of an old house, filled to the roof with art," more than 5,000 books, and 5,300 music records.[4][2][5] Through Duncan and the painter Lyn Brockway he became active in numerous exhibitions, poetry gatherings, and creative endeavors.

In 1952, in San Francisco, Jess, with Duncan and painter Harry Jacobus, opened the King Ubu Gallery, which became an important venue for alternative art and which remained so when, in 1954, poet Jack Spicer reopened the space as the Six Gallery.

In the late 1950s, Jess filled Pauline Kael's home on Oregon Street in Berkeley, California, with fantastical murals which still adorn the walls today.[6][7][8]

Many of Jess's works have themes drawn from chemistry, alchemy, the occult, and male beauty, including a series of paintings called Translations (1959–1976) which is done with heavily laid-on paint in a paint-by-number style. Jess also created elaborate collages using old book illustrations and comic strips (particularly, the strip Dick Tracy, which he used to make his own strip Tricky Cad).[9]

Art citic Holland Cotter identifies three distinct facets of Jess's artistic oeuvre.

He started out doing shadowy abstract paintings, influenced by his teacher, Edward Corbett...It wasn’t long before Jess developed a technique that was better suited to his gift for meditative, labor-intensive precision: paintings with thickly layered surfaces from which images seemed to be incised...Jess is best known for his collages, which he called paste-ups: staggeringly intricate symbolic narratives pieced together from bits of scientific treatises, muscle magazines, art history books, cartoons and popular periodicals like Life and Time.[4]

Harry Parker, director of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, called Jess "the essential San Francisco artist. His political views and his quirky artistic style, his association with the poetry scene, his advocacy of gay rights—all the issues that came into his work were so representative of the San Francisco perspective. Only here could you imagine work like his being made."[3]

The year 2019 saw the publication of The Householders: Robert Duncan and Jess by Tara McDowell (MIT Press), the first book-length study of the couple, a work of both biography and critical analysis, and, in the words of the press release, "a love story."[10]

Exhibitions

[edit]

At mid-career, Jess's art received international attention with solo exhibitions at the The Museum of Modern Art in New York (1974), the Galleria Odyssia in Rome (1975), the Wadsworth Atheneum[11] (1975), the Dallas Museum of Fine Arts (1977), the Berkeley Art Museum (1980), and The Arts Club of Chicago (1981).[12]

In 1983-84, the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida mounted the exhibition Jess, Paste-Ups (and Assemblies), 1951-1983 and published a companion book.[13][14]

A Jess retrospective, Jess: A Grand Collage, 1951–1993, toured the United States in 1993 to 1994. The companion book featured essays by contributors including poet Michael Palmer, who wrote an extended piece on Jess's monumental Narkissos, a complexly rendered 70"x60" drawing (graphite and gouache on cut and pasted paper) acquired in 1996 by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.[2]

In 2004, three details from Jess's monumental collage Arkadia's Last Resort; or, Fête Champêtre Up Mnemosyne Creek[15] were used by Faithless to illustrate their release "I Want More."

From 2007 to 2009, the posthumous traveling exhibition Jess: To and From the Printed Page included paintings from his Translations series together with many of his collages and designs, as well as the books and magazines in which they were reproduced. The exhibition appeared at the San Jose Museum of Art, the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, the Pasadena Museum of California Art, the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, the Douglas F. Cooley Gallery at Reed College, the University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art, and the Rollins Museum of Art at Rollins College.[16]

In 2014 and 2015, the traveling exhibition An Opening of the Field: Jess, Robert Duncan, and Their Circle appeared at the Grey Art Gallery at New York University, the Katzen Arts Center at American University in Washington, D.C., and the Pasadena Museum of California Art. As Holland Cotter wrote in The New York Times, the exhibition explored what it was like for the couple to be "young, gifted, and odd" in San Francisco after World War II. "Espousers of the power of the imagination," Jess and Duncan "created a self-contained world, and their friends were welcomed in." Combining 45 of the couple's own works with 85 works by roughly 30 of their close associates, the show shed light on what was less a movement than a "psychic collaboration, the communal property of lovers, spouses, and friends....Maybe the sense of unity [in the exhibition] comes from the presence of a marriage at its center, a same-sex union that lasted almost 40 years."[4][17]

In 2019, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art mounted the show Mythos, Psyche, Eros: Jess and California, which paired paintings and collages "that privileged the mystical, whimsical, and absurd" by "one of San Francisco’s most enigmatic figures...with pieces by other California artists, who together reflect the West Coast’s unusual romantic legacy."[18]

In museum collections

[edit]

Papers

[edit]

The Jess Papers collection is stored at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and consists of correspondence, manuscripts, flyers, announcements, clippings, writings, artwork, and miscellaneous materials.[30]

Publications

[edit]
  • Jess, Paste Ups (and Assemblies), 1951-1983, exhibition catalogue, text by Michael Auping. John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, 1983.[31]
  • Jess: A Grand Collage, 1951-1993, exhibiton catalogue. Buffalo Fine Arts/Albright Knox Art Gallery, 1993. ISBN 0-914782-85-1
  • Jess: To and From the Printed Page, exhibition catalogue, text by John Ashbery, Thomas Evans, and Lisa Jarnot. Independent Curators International, 2007. ISBN 0-916365-75-1
  • O! Tricky Cad & Other Jessoterica, edited by Michael Duncan. Siglio, 2012. ISBN 978-1-938221-00-2

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Jess Collins

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from Grokipedia
Jess Collins is an American visual artist known for his intricate paste-ups, collages, and mixed-media works that draw from literature, mythology, popular culture, science, and everyday imagery to create complex, fantastical narratives. Born Burgess Franklin Collins in Long Beach, California, in 1923, he later adopted the name Jess after abandoning a scientific career in atomic energy and relocating to San Francisco to pursue art full-time. His practice, spanning more than five decades, emphasized appropriation and transformation of found materials, rejecting market-driven art in favor of deeply personal and imaginative processes. [1] [2] [3] After serving in the Army Corps of Engineers during World War II and working on the Manhattan Project, Collins experienced a crisis of conscience regarding nuclear technology, leading him to leave science behind in 1948 and enroll at the California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Art Institute), where he studied under artists including Clyfford Still, Elmer Bischoff, and David Park. He became a central figure in the San Francisco art and literary scene of the 1950s, co-founding the King Ubu Gallery and forming a lifelong romantic and creative partnership with poet Robert Duncan in 1950. Their shared home became a hub for artistic and poetic innovation, influencing the city's Beat-era circles through collaborative projects and mutual inspiration drawn from sources such as L. Frank Baum’s Oz books and James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake. [1] [2] Collins's major bodies of work include his early paste-ups—elaborate collages assembled from thousands of fragments—and later series such as the Translations, which reimagined found images through thick layers of imaginary color, and the Salvages, which repurposed discarded paintings to generate new allegorical meanings. His monumental Narkissos, begun in the 1950s and continued over decades, stands as one of his most ambitious pieces, combining drawing, collage, and literary references in an unfinished exploration of the Narcissus myth. Collins lived and worked in San Francisco until his death in 2004, and his art is held in prominent collections including the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Museum of Modern Art, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. [1] [2] [3]

Early Life

Birth and Family Background

Burgess Franklin Collins, who later adopted the name Jess, was born on August 6, 1923, in Long Beach, California. He was the son of an engineer father and a homemaker mother. Collins was raised in Long Beach during the interwar period.

Scientific Training and Manhattan Project Service

Jess Collins, born Burgess Franklin Collins, began his scientific training in 1942 by studying chemistry at the California Institute of Technology.[1] In 1943, he was drafted into the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and assigned to the Manhattan Project.[1] From 1943 until 1946, he worked in a very junior role at the Oak Ridge, Tennessee, facility of the Manhattan Project, contributing to the development of the atomic bomb.[1] Following the end of World War II and his discharge in 1946, Collins returned to Caltech and completed his degree with honors in radiochemistry.[1] He then took a position at the Hanford Atomic Energy Project in Washington state, where he continued work related to nuclear energy.[1][4] During his involvement with the Manhattan Project and subsequent atomic energy work, Collins developed ethical concerns about the implications of nuclear weapons and the direction of such research, later describing it as "questionable, nightmarish in many ways."[1] These concerns contributed to his decision to leave the field of science in 1948.[1]

Transition to Art

Rejection of Science

During his employment at the Hanford Atomic Energy Project in Washington after World War II, Jess (then known as Burgess Collins) began to grow concerned about the nature of his participation in atomic energy work. [1] He reflected on this period by stating, “I was involved with nuclear energy, the direction it was going seemed questionable, nightmarish in many ways.” [1] These ethical qualms arose from his earlier involvement in plutonium production for the Manhattan Project at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, during his military service from 1943 to 1946, and continued as he witnessed the postwar implications of nuclear technology. [1] In 1948, Jess experienced a terrifying dream that foretold the destruction of the world in 1975, intensifying his moral discomfort with nuclear development. [1] This vision served as a catalyst, leading him within months to leave his position at Hanford and abandon his scientific career entirely. [1] His decision reflected deep-seated fears about nuclear proliferation and the potential for catastrophic misuse of atomic energy, prompting a complete shift toward pursuing visual art as a new path. [2] [1]

Art Education and Name Change

In 1949, following his ethical rejection of a scientific career, Jess enrolled at the California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Art Institute). [5] [6] There he studied under Clyfford Still, David Park, Hassel Smith, and Edward Corbett, engaging with the school's vibrant abstract and figurative traditions during a pivotal era in Bay Area art. [5] [1] He completed his formal training and earned a BFA in 1951. [5] Coinciding with his enrollment, Jess broke with his family and adopted the single name "Jess" from 1949 onward, marking his full commitment to an artistic identity separate from his past. [6] [7] This name change reflected his immersion in the San Francisco art scene, where he began to establish himself as an emerging painter. [1]

Artistic Career

Early Paintings and Abstract Works

Jess's early paintings were primarily abstract works characterized by shadowy forms, heavily influenced by his teacher Edward Corbett at the California School of Fine Arts, where he studied beginning in 1948.[8] These initial efforts reflected the abstraction and spontaneous gesture emphasized by instructors such as Clyfford Still, Edward Corbett, and Hassel Smith.[9] One of his earliest documented paintings, Stillbourne (c. 1951), featured jagged palette knife applications of thick oil paint in dark red, blue, and umber tones, accented by small diagonal strokes that confirmed the strong influence of Clyfford Still.[10] In the early 1950s, Jess produced additional abstract and semi-figurative paintings that experimented with heavy impasto and dynamic brushwork. Sea Cove (1952) employed a de Kooning-esque oil technique to depict churning seas against coastal rocks in an elaborate fantasy composition.[10] Other works from this period, including Vista (1951) and Chinese River Cliffs (1952), are preserved in museum collections and exemplify his engagement with atmospheric and gestural abstraction before his shift toward collage.[2] Jess soon developed a more deliberate technique involving thickly layered surfaces from which images appeared to be incised, aligning with his preference for meditative, labor-intensive precision.[8] This approach marked a transition in his painting practice during the late 1940s and early 1950s, as he explored material density and surface manipulation in response to his teachers' abstract precedents.[8][9]

Development of Paste-Ups and Collage

Jess began developing his distinctive paste-up technique in the early 1950s, shifting from his earlier abstract paintings to works assembled from appropriated images. These paste-ups involved cutting out and recombining visual material from scientific illustrations, popular magazines, cartoons, and comic strips to create new compositions. His Tricky Cad series, started in 1953, exemplifies this approach through the alteration of Dick Tracy comic strips; Jess cut panels from the original strips and rearranged them to form new, often absurd or surreal narratives that subverted the source material's conventional storytelling. This series demonstrated his interest in manipulating popular culture imagery to reveal hidden meanings or contradictions. The paste-up process was highly labor-intensive and meditative, requiring careful selection, cutting, and pasting of hundreds of elements over extended periods, often drawing on themes from alchemy, mythology, and mass media to guide the assembly. [11] Jess viewed the technique as a means of truth-seeking through the juxtaposition of disparate images, creating dense, layered visual fields that invite prolonged viewing and interpretation. This development marked a pivotal evolution in his practice, emphasizing appropriation and recombination over traditional mark-making while building on the foundations of his prior abstract works.

Major Series and Notable Works

Jess produced several defining series and individual works that exemplify his innovative approach to painting and collage from the late 1950s onward. The Translations series, consisting of 32 oil paintings created between 1959 and 1976, represents one of his most sustained bodies of work. [12] [13] These pieces faithfully reproduce found black-and-white images—drawn from engravings, photographs, illustrations, children's books, and scientific sources—in thickly applied color oil paint, often incorporating integrated or accompanying literary text fragments to elaborate potential meanings. [12] [13] Examples include Laying a Standard: Translation #1 (1959), Montana Xibalba (1963), and Far And Few...: Translation #15 (1965), which transform their source material into richly colored, meticulously rendered compositions. [12] Among his most ambitious paste-ups is the monumental Narkissos (1976–1991), a large-scale work measuring 70 × 60 inches that combines graphite drawing with intricate collage elements. [14] [2] Begun as a pencil drawing inspired by the myth of Narcissus but evolved into an elaborate paste-up, it stands as one of his longest-running and most complex pieces, now held by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. [14] In 1976, Jess also completed Arkadia's Last Resort; or, Fête Champêtre Up Mnemosyne Creek, a major paste-up collage (47 × 71 inches) assembled from magazine cutouts and jigsaw puzzle pieces that evokes an idyllic yet disorienting landscape filled with disparate images, including reproductions of artworks, figures, and everyday objects to create layered narratives and visual puns. [15] Earlier in his career, Jess executed a notable series of fantastical murals in 1956 for the interior of film critic Pauline Kael's Berkeley home at 2419 Oregon Street, filling spaces such as the upstairs hallway, back porch, living room, and a bedroom with bright, colorful tableaux influenced by artists including Bonnard, Braque, and Klee. [16] These jewel-like wall paintings are the only surviving murals from his 1950s mural projects and were preserved following efforts in the 2010s. [16]

Exhibitions and Recognition

Jess co-founded the King Ubu Gallery in San Francisco in 1952 with Robert Duncan and Harry Jacobus, creating a key venue for alternative and avant-garde art during the early years of his career. [1] His work first gained public attention through solo exhibitions at the Helvie Makela Gallery in 1950 and at the King Ubu Gallery itself in 1953. [17] Over the following decades, he presented solo shows at commercial galleries such as Dilexi Gallery, Rolf Nelson Gallery, Odyssia Gallery, and Gallery Paule Anglim, building a sustained presence in both West Coast and New York art scenes. [17] Institutional recognition arrived through solo exhibitions at major museums, including The Museum of Modern Art in New York in 1974, the Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford in 1975, and the University Art Museum at the University of California, Berkeley in 1977 and 1980. [17] The most comprehensive survey of his career during his lifetime was the 1993–1994 retrospective Jess: A Grand Collage, 1951–1993, organized by Michael Auping at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, which featured 83 works representing his major series and traveled to the Walker Art Center, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, and Whitney Museum of American Art. [18] [17] Jess's contributions to collage, paste-up, and related media earned him a place in the permanent collections of prominent institutions, including the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the National Gallery of Art. [1]

Film and Media Involvement

Appearances in Experimental Shorts

Jess made only a few appearances in experimental short films, primarily through collaborations with filmmakers in his San Francisco artistic circle.[19] He acted in Stan Brakhage's In Between (1955), a 10-minute color short described as a surrealist portrait of Jess himself, featuring him alongside Robert Duncan.[20][21] This film, Brakhage's first in color, was created during the period when Brakhage lived in the flat below Jess and Duncan from 1954 to 1956.[19] In 1961, Jess appeared as himself in Larry Jordan's The 40 and 1 Nights (or Jess's Didactic Nickeodeon), a 6-minute short that served as an homage to the artist.[22][19]

Connections to Avant-Garde Cinema

Jess's connections to avant-garde cinema were primarily social and contextual, arising from his immersion in the postwar San Francisco alternative art and poetry scene that frequently intersected with experimental filmmakers. From 1954 to 1956, Jess lived in the apartment above pioneering avant-garde filmmaker Stan Brakhage in San Francisco, fostering direct personal contact during a formative period for West Coast experimental film. This arrangement situated Jess in close proximity to Brakhage's early filmmaking activities and the broader emerging community of avant-garde cinema. Despite these associations, there is no evidence that Jess himself directed films or engaged in extensive film production, limiting his involvement to peripheral ties through shared cultural circles rather than active participation in the medium. His brief appearances in experimental shorts, handled separately in the preceding subsection, reflect occasional intersections without constituting a significant film career.

Personal Life

Partnership with Robert Duncan

Jess Collins met poet Robert Duncan in 1950, beginning a lifelong romantic and artistic partnership that centered on shared domestic life and mutual creative inspiration. [1] [23] Their relationship developed into a committed bond of love and collaboration, with the two men establishing a household that served as both a personal sanctuary and a generative space for their work at the intersection of poetry and visual art. [1] They lived and worked together primarily in a large Victorian home in San Francisco's Mission District, described as a treasure house filled with Duncan's vast library, artworks by Jess and their friends, extensive music collections, and numerous beautiful domestic objects salvaged from thrift shops. [1] This shared environment embodied their concept of the household as a place of domestic love and spirited collaboration, profoundly influencing the development of their respective artistic and poetic practices. [1] Their partnership endured until Duncan's death in 1988, sustaining a deep mutual support that defined nearly four decades of intertwined personal and creative lives. [23] [24]

Life in San Francisco

Jess settled in San Francisco in 1949 after leaving his family and scientific career behind, enrolling at the California School of Fine Arts (now the San Francisco Art Institute) and adopting the name Jess. [2] [1] He remained based in the city for the rest of his life, becoming deeply embedded in its postwar artistic and literary communities. [1] From the early 1950s onward, Jess shared homes in San Francisco with his longtime partner, the poet Robert Duncan, with whom he established a committed household that served as a central gathering place for an intimate circle of artists, poets, and friends. [1] [25] Their large Victorian residence in the Mission District, which they occupied permanently starting in 1967, functioned as a treasure house filled with artworks, books, music, and salvaged objects, fostering spirited collaboration and domestic creativity within San Francisco's alternative art and poetry scenes. [1] [26] This home exemplified their vision of a generative "household," realized through their lifelong romantic partnership and shared immersion in the city's creative milieu. [1] As a gay man living openly with Duncan in an era when such relationships faced significant societal hostility, Jess was immersed in the queer artistic communities of postwar San Francisco, where the atmosphere was somewhat more permissive than elsewhere in America. [25] Their committed relationship, formalized through private vows in 1951 and sustained as a model of queer domesticity—including the appropriation of marriage as a deliberate act outside societal norms—represented a form of quiet resistance and positive affirmation of homosexuality amid the repressive cultural climate. [26] Jess and Duncan drew like-minded individuals to their salons and gatherings, contributing to a vibrant network of queer and alternative artists and writers in the Bay Area. [25] [24]

Death and Legacy

Final Years

Jess continued to produce paste-ups, drawings, and assemblages throughout the 1990s and into the early 2000s, maintaining his distinctive collage-based practice until shortly before his death. [27] He remained committed to creating paintings and paste-ups in his later years, reflecting his lifelong dedication to layered and appropriated imagery. [27] In his final years, Jess experienced health challenges associated with advancing age. He died of natural causes on January 2, 2004, at his home in San Francisco at the age of 80. [28] [29] His death marked the end of a prolific career centered in the San Francisco Bay Area avant-garde. [29]

Posthumous Influence and Retrospectives

Following his death in 2004, Jess's work has continued to gain recognition through major retrospectives and exhibitions that have highlighted his role as a key figure in postwar San Francisco's alternative art scenes. [30] The traveling exhibition Jess: To and From the Printed Page (2007–2009), curated by Ingrid Schaffner and organized by Independent Curators International, presented approximately fifty original artworks—primarily collages and works on paper—alongside dozens of printed ephemera such as magazines and books, emphasizing his lifelong dialogue between visual images and written words drawn from poetry, literature, and popular culture. [31] Described as an influential yet still relatively unfamiliar "outsider" artist, Jess's practice was noted for its timeliness in an image- and text-saturated contemporary world, with the show underscoring his archival process of collecting, compiling, and pasting to create densely layered compositions. [31] The exhibition traveled to venues including the San Jose Museum of Art, Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, Pasadena Museum of California Art, Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, Reed College, University of Iowa, and Rollins College. [31] Later traveling shows have further contextualized his contributions, such as An Opening of the Field: Jess, Robert Duncan, and Their Circle (2013–2015), which appeared at the Crocker Art Museum, Grey Art Gallery at New York University, Katzen Arts Center at American University, and Pasadena Museum of California Art, situating his collages and paintings within the mid-century Bay Area literary and artistic milieu. [17] His estate maintains active representation through galleries including Tibor de Nagy Gallery, which has presented multiple solo exhibitions such as Piling Up The Rectangles (2024) combining his collages and oil paintings, and Hosfelt Gallery, which featured him in Bruce Conner + Jess: The Virtue of Uncertainty (2023) and includes him in upcoming group shows. [30] [3] Jess's works are held in major museum collections, including the Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (with significant holdings such as Narkissos), Metropolitan Museum of Art, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and Art Institute of Chicago. [2] [30] Posthumously, he is regarded as a progenitor of postmodernism whose appropriation and recontextualization of found imagery expanded Surrealist collage traditions into provocative, mythologically informed narratives, influencing contemporary approaches to collage, appropriation art, and queer art histories through his synthesis of literature, popular culture, and personal symbolism. [30] [3] His legacy continues to broaden academically and commercially, serving as a continuing source of inspiration for younger generations due to the complexity and originality of his methods. [30]

References

  1. https://jesscollins.org/artist-biography/
  2. https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/jess/
  3. https://hosfeltgallery.com/artists/110-jess-collins/
  4. https://www.writing.upenn.edu/epc/mirrors/tomraworth.com/jcollins.htm
  5. https://jesscollins.org/chronology/
  6. https://www.askart.com/artist/Jess/104558/Jess.aspx
  7. https://sigliopress.com/readings/jess-biography-michael-duncan/
  8. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/17/arts/design/robert-duncan-and-jess-and-their-wonderland-of-art.html
  9. https://brooklynrail.org/2008/09/artseen/jess-paintings-and-paste-ups/
  10. https://www.squarecylinder.com/2023/09/bruce-conner-jess-hosfelt/
  11. https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Jess/
  12. https://jesscollins.org/paintings-translations/
  13. https://www.tibordenagy.com/exhibitions/jess-collins/selected-works?view=thumbnails
  14. https://jesscollins.org/paste-ups/
  15. https://dma.org/art/collection/object/5145872
  16. https://jesscollins.org/jess-murals-discovered-in-berkeley-house/
  17. https://jesscollins.org/exhibitions/
  18. https://buffaloakg.org/art/exhibitions/jess-grand-collage-1951%E2%80%931993
  19. https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1241094/
  20. https://letterboxd.com/film/in-between-1955/
  21. https://lightstruckfilm.org/filmmakers/stan-brakhage/stan-brakhage-films-1952-1959/
  22. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2189480/
  23. https://hyperallergic.com/enamored-magicians-the-hermetic-world-of-jess-and-robert-duncan/
  24. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-ca-jess-and-duncan-20140921-story.html
  25. https://glreview.org/article/at-the-heart-of-a-bay-area-revival/
  26. https://brooklynrail.org/2020/02/art_books/Tara-McDowells-The-Householders-Robert-Duncan-and-Jess/
  27. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/articles/69559/the-assemblages-of-jess
  28. https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Jess-Collins-S-F-painter-collage-artist-2816454.php
  29. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/10/arts/jess-80-san-francisco-artist-known-for-layered-imagery.html
  30. https://www.tibordenagy.com/artists/estate-of-jess
  31. https://curatorsintl.org/exhibitions/9140-jess-to-and-from-the-printed-page
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