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John Rufus
John Rufus, John of Beth Rufina (also spelled Ruphina), or John of Maiuma (born c. AD 450), was an anti-Chalcedonian priest of Antioch, a disciple of Peter the Iberian and an ecclesiastical historian who possibly served as the bishop of Maiuma. He wrote the Plerophoriae, the Life of Peter the Iberian, and the Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius.
Almost everything that we know about John Rufus originates in his own work, with a few more details from the Life of Severus by Zacharias Scholasticus. John's name is derived from the fact that he was a monk from the Monastery of Beth Rufina.
John was born in the province of Arabia (see Plerophoriae 22) around AD 450 and studied jurisprudence at the exclusive law school of Berytus (modern-day Beirut), where his fellow student, Theodore of Ascalon, brought him into contact with his future spiritual master, Peter the Iberian. Evgarius, Rufus' younger brother, also studied law at Berytus and showed much interest in the values of religion and monasticism. John became a monk and left for Antioch, where he was ordained as a priest by the city's anti-Chalcedonian patriarch, Peter the Fuller, during the reign of Emperor Basiliscus (r. January 475 – August 476). Upon the return to power of Emperor Zeno and the expulsion of Peter the Fuller in 477, John moved to Palestine in 479, where he became a disciple of Peter the Iberian and joined his monastic community located between Gaza and Maiuma. Here he became one of Peter's intimate students, which would allow him to give firsthand evidence of the last twelve years of his teacher's life. As a native of the province of Arabia, a region he knew in detail, as proven by the section of the Life dealing with Peter the Iberian's travels through that province, John Rufus might have acted there as Peter's guide. At Peter the Iberian's death in 491, he passed on the leadership of his monastery to four of his disciples, most prominently to Theodore of Ascalon, while John Rufus became the priest of the monastery church. Whether John Rufus did become the bishop of Maiuma, as mentioned in the title of the Plerophoriae, cannot be supported with other sources; he might have been consecrated as such by the anti-Chalcedonians after the death of Peter the Iberian. After Peter's death, the anti-Chalcedonian party in Palestine might have seen in John Rufus their new spiritual leader.
Three works are ascribed to John Rufus: the Plerophoriae, the Life of Peter the Iberian, and the Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius. Only the authorship of the Plerophoriae is clearly stated in the text, while the surviving manuscripts of the other two works do not indicate any author. Still, the wider consensus is that these are all works of John Rufus. The three works are all written in a very similar spirit, and were apparently composed during the few favourable years for anti-Chalcedonians during the reign of Emperor Anastasius (r. 491–518).
Plerophoriae, lit. "Reassurances", is John's most famous work. A collection of dreams and visions, anecdotes and brief episodes describing miracles, it had the purpose of promoting Monophysitism and proving that God Himself condemned the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon. One topic touched upon is the dilemma of an anti-Chalcedonian believer after the quashing of the short-lived Monophysite revolt: can they stay attached to a holy site regained by the Chalcedonians without becoming collaborators of, and entering into and communion with the enemy of their true faith? John Rufus' answer is: no.
The work was probably composed between 512 and 518, and text analysis offers indications that it was most likely written during the patriarchate of Severus of Antioch (512–538). This was the last of John's three works. Although an anthology of stories that, in their majority, already existed and had been included in a number of other texts or compilations, it became the most popular among these works, a fact that led to the term describing the type of stories it contained, plerophoriae, to become the title by which it is known today.
Scholars are sure that John Rufus wrote Plerophoriae in Greek, but just a few fragments in the original language have come down to us. Instead, translations into Syriac have survived in two complete manuscripts, as well as fragments in Coptic translations preserved in three codices and a manuscript.
The vita of Peter the Iberian is widely attributed to John Rufus, although it is anonymous. In it Peter is presented as the very model of an anti-Chalcedonian holy man. It was written around the year 500 as a work of propaganda formally presented as a hagiography. Cornelia B. Horn and Robert R. Phenix are convinced, based on the treatment of the topic and style of the vita, that it has been put to paper at the first anniversary of Peter's death, that is: in 492.
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John Rufus
John Rufus, John of Beth Rufina (also spelled Ruphina), or John of Maiuma (born c. AD 450), was an anti-Chalcedonian priest of Antioch, a disciple of Peter the Iberian and an ecclesiastical historian who possibly served as the bishop of Maiuma. He wrote the Plerophoriae, the Life of Peter the Iberian, and the Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius.
Almost everything that we know about John Rufus originates in his own work, with a few more details from the Life of Severus by Zacharias Scholasticus. John's name is derived from the fact that he was a monk from the Monastery of Beth Rufina.
John was born in the province of Arabia (see Plerophoriae 22) around AD 450 and studied jurisprudence at the exclusive law school of Berytus (modern-day Beirut), where his fellow student, Theodore of Ascalon, brought him into contact with his future spiritual master, Peter the Iberian. Evgarius, Rufus' younger brother, also studied law at Berytus and showed much interest in the values of religion and monasticism. John became a monk and left for Antioch, where he was ordained as a priest by the city's anti-Chalcedonian patriarch, Peter the Fuller, during the reign of Emperor Basiliscus (r. January 475 – August 476). Upon the return to power of Emperor Zeno and the expulsion of Peter the Fuller in 477, John moved to Palestine in 479, where he became a disciple of Peter the Iberian and joined his monastic community located between Gaza and Maiuma. Here he became one of Peter's intimate students, which would allow him to give firsthand evidence of the last twelve years of his teacher's life. As a native of the province of Arabia, a region he knew in detail, as proven by the section of the Life dealing with Peter the Iberian's travels through that province, John Rufus might have acted there as Peter's guide. At Peter the Iberian's death in 491, he passed on the leadership of his monastery to four of his disciples, most prominently to Theodore of Ascalon, while John Rufus became the priest of the monastery church. Whether John Rufus did become the bishop of Maiuma, as mentioned in the title of the Plerophoriae, cannot be supported with other sources; he might have been consecrated as such by the anti-Chalcedonians after the death of Peter the Iberian. After Peter's death, the anti-Chalcedonian party in Palestine might have seen in John Rufus their new spiritual leader.
Three works are ascribed to John Rufus: the Plerophoriae, the Life of Peter the Iberian, and the Commemoration of the Death of Theodosius. Only the authorship of the Plerophoriae is clearly stated in the text, while the surviving manuscripts of the other two works do not indicate any author. Still, the wider consensus is that these are all works of John Rufus. The three works are all written in a very similar spirit, and were apparently composed during the few favourable years for anti-Chalcedonians during the reign of Emperor Anastasius (r. 491–518).
Plerophoriae, lit. "Reassurances", is John's most famous work. A collection of dreams and visions, anecdotes and brief episodes describing miracles, it had the purpose of promoting Monophysitism and proving that God Himself condemned the resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon. One topic touched upon is the dilemma of an anti-Chalcedonian believer after the quashing of the short-lived Monophysite revolt: can they stay attached to a holy site regained by the Chalcedonians without becoming collaborators of, and entering into and communion with the enemy of their true faith? John Rufus' answer is: no.
The work was probably composed between 512 and 518, and text analysis offers indications that it was most likely written during the patriarchate of Severus of Antioch (512–538). This was the last of John's three works. Although an anthology of stories that, in their majority, already existed and had been included in a number of other texts or compilations, it became the most popular among these works, a fact that led to the term describing the type of stories it contained, plerophoriae, to become the title by which it is known today.
Scholars are sure that John Rufus wrote Plerophoriae in Greek, but just a few fragments in the original language have come down to us. Instead, translations into Syriac have survived in two complete manuscripts, as well as fragments in Coptic translations preserved in three codices and a manuscript.
The vita of Peter the Iberian is widely attributed to John Rufus, although it is anonymous. In it Peter is presented as the very model of an anti-Chalcedonian holy man. It was written around the year 500 as a work of propaganda formally presented as a hagiography. Cornelia B. Horn and Robert R. Phenix are convinced, based on the treatment of the topic and style of the vita, that it has been put to paper at the first anniversary of Peter's death, that is: in 492.