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John Winthrop the Younger
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John Winthrop the Younger
John Winthrop the Younger, FRS (February 12, 1606 – April 6, 1676), was an English-born physician, colonial administrator, and alchemist. He was an early governor of the Connecticut Colony who played a large role in the unification of numerous settlements and obtaining a royal charter for the unified colony.
Winthrop was born in Groton, Suffolk, England, on February 12, 1606, the son of John Winthrop, founding governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, by first wife Mary Forth. He was educated at the Bury St. Edmunds grammar school, King Edward VI School, and Trinity College, Dublin, and he studied law for a short time after 1624 at the Inner Temple, London.
Winthrop finished his legal studies in 1627, then accompanied the ill-fated expedition of the Duke of Buckingham for the relief of the Protestants of La Rochelle in France. He then traveled to Italy, the Ottoman Empire, and the Netherlands, returning to England in 1629. In 1631, he followed his father to Massachusetts Bay Colony and was one of the assistants of the Colony between 1635 and 1649. He was one of the founders of Agawam (now Ipswich, Massachusetts) in 1633, then went to England in 1634. He returned in 1635 as governor of lands that had been granted to Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke, and he sent out a party to build a fort named Saybrook in their honor at the mouth of the Connecticut River. He then lived for a time in Massachusetts, where he devoted himself to the study of alchemy and attempted to interest the settlers in the development of the colony's mineral resources.
He was again in England in 1641–43, then returned to establish iron works at Lynn (Saugus Iron Works) and Braintree, Massachusetts. In 1645, he obtained title to lands in southeastern Connecticut and founded New London in 1646, where he settled in 1650. He built a grist mill in the town and was granted a monopoly on the trade for as long as he or his heirs maintained it. This was one of the first monopolies granted in New England. One of Winthrop's servants was Robin Cassacinamon, who became an influential Pequot leader through Winthrop's patronage.
Winthrop was also a physician, traveling around the Connecticut settlements serving up to 12 patients a day. His success as a physician prompted the New Haven Colony to invite him to move there, with the promise of a free house. Winthrop accepted this offer and moved to New Haven in 1655, largely because he was interested in developing ironworks there.
Winthrop became one of the magistrates of Connecticut Colony in 1651, was governor of the colony in 1657–58, and again became governor in 1659, being annually re-elected until his death in 1676. He oversaw the acceptance of Quakers who were banned from Massachusetts during his time as governor. He was also one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England in 1675.
The Stuart Monarchy was restored in 1660, and many feared that the colony's lack of legal basis would lead to the new government establishing absolute rule in Connecticut. Winthrop sailed for England in July 1661 to obtain a charter from Charles II, with the assistance of William Fiennes, Robert Greville, and Edward Montagu, which he obtained in May 1662. The charter granted the colony generous rights and officially combined it with the New Haven Colony.
The Conquest of New Netherland and subsequent Second Anglo-Dutch War caused financial difficulty for both Winthrop and Connecticut Colony. The Dutch harassed English shipping, and Winthrop lost at least one ship's cargo. He attempted to resign his governorship in 1667, but the colony refused his request and lowered his tax burden in an attempt to convince him to stay. He again attempted to resign his office in October 1670, but this request was also refused.
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John Winthrop the Younger
John Winthrop the Younger, FRS (February 12, 1606 – April 6, 1676), was an English-born physician, colonial administrator, and alchemist. He was an early governor of the Connecticut Colony who played a large role in the unification of numerous settlements and obtaining a royal charter for the unified colony.
Winthrop was born in Groton, Suffolk, England, on February 12, 1606, the son of John Winthrop, founding governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, by first wife Mary Forth. He was educated at the Bury St. Edmunds grammar school, King Edward VI School, and Trinity College, Dublin, and he studied law for a short time after 1624 at the Inner Temple, London.
Winthrop finished his legal studies in 1627, then accompanied the ill-fated expedition of the Duke of Buckingham for the relief of the Protestants of La Rochelle in France. He then traveled to Italy, the Ottoman Empire, and the Netherlands, returning to England in 1629. In 1631, he followed his father to Massachusetts Bay Colony and was one of the assistants of the Colony between 1635 and 1649. He was one of the founders of Agawam (now Ipswich, Massachusetts) in 1633, then went to England in 1634. He returned in 1635 as governor of lands that had been granted to Lord Saye and Sele and Lord Brooke, and he sent out a party to build a fort named Saybrook in their honor at the mouth of the Connecticut River. He then lived for a time in Massachusetts, where he devoted himself to the study of alchemy and attempted to interest the settlers in the development of the colony's mineral resources.
He was again in England in 1641–43, then returned to establish iron works at Lynn (Saugus Iron Works) and Braintree, Massachusetts. In 1645, he obtained title to lands in southeastern Connecticut and founded New London in 1646, where he settled in 1650. He built a grist mill in the town and was granted a monopoly on the trade for as long as he or his heirs maintained it. This was one of the first monopolies granted in New England. One of Winthrop's servants was Robin Cassacinamon, who became an influential Pequot leader through Winthrop's patronage.
Winthrop was also a physician, traveling around the Connecticut settlements serving up to 12 patients a day. His success as a physician prompted the New Haven Colony to invite him to move there, with the promise of a free house. Winthrop accepted this offer and moved to New Haven in 1655, largely because he was interested in developing ironworks there.
Winthrop became one of the magistrates of Connecticut Colony in 1651, was governor of the colony in 1657–58, and again became governor in 1659, being annually re-elected until his death in 1676. He oversaw the acceptance of Quakers who were banned from Massachusetts during his time as governor. He was also one of the commissioners of the United Colonies of New England in 1675.
The Stuart Monarchy was restored in 1660, and many feared that the colony's lack of legal basis would lead to the new government establishing absolute rule in Connecticut. Winthrop sailed for England in July 1661 to obtain a charter from Charles II, with the assistance of William Fiennes, Robert Greville, and Edward Montagu, which he obtained in May 1662. The charter granted the colony generous rights and officially combined it with the New Haven Colony.
The Conquest of New Netherland and subsequent Second Anglo-Dutch War caused financial difficulty for both Winthrop and Connecticut Colony. The Dutch harassed English shipping, and Winthrop lost at least one ship's cargo. He attempted to resign his governorship in 1667, but the colony refused his request and lowered his tax burden in an attempt to convince him to stay. He again attempted to resign his office in October 1670, but this request was also refused.
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