Hubbry Logo
Gibson Les Paul CustomGibson Les Paul CustomMain
Open search
Gibson Les Paul Custom
Community hub
Gibson Les Paul Custom
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Gibson Les Paul Custom
Gibson Les Paul Custom
from Wikipedia

The Gibson Les Paul Custom is a higher-end variation of the Gibson Les Paul guitar. It was developed in 1953 after Gibson had introduced the Les Paul model in 1952.[1]

Key Information

History

[edit]

The 1952 Gibson Les Paul was originally made with a mahogany body, a mahogany neck with a rosewood fretboard, two P-90 single coil pickups, and a one-piece, 'trapeze'-style bridge/tailpiece with strings fitted under (instead of over) a steel stop-bar,[note 1] and available only with a gold-finished top, giving rise to the moniker "Gold-Top". In late 1953, a more luxurious version was introduced, most probably on specific request by Les Paul himself, as he wanted a more luxurious and classy looking guitar. He requested a black guitar as he wanted it to "look like a tuxedo". Nicknamed the Black Beauty,[2] the guitar had a mahogany body and neck, ebony fret board, and mother of pearl block inlays on the fret board. The "Split Diamond" inlay on the headstock was taken from the carved archtop Super 400,[3] which was the top of the Gibson line. The pickups were a P-90 in the bridge position and an Alnico V pickup (nicknamed the staple pickup), newly designed by Seth Lover, in the neck position.[3][4] The frets are low and flat, as opposed to the usual medium jumbo frets found on other Les Paul customs, and the guitar soon was given the nickname "The Fretless Wonder". The 1954 Les Paul Custom also saw the introduction of Gibson's new bridge, the ABR-1.[5]

In mid-1957, Gibson began to equip the Les Paul Custom with the new PAF (Patent Applied For) pickup designed by Seth Lover.[6] Most Customs have three PAFs, though there are a small number that have the traditional two-pickup configuration. By 1958, Gibson had replaced the Kluson tuners with Grover Rotomatics. It is this configuration that remained until the guitar was discontinued in 1960, replaced by the new double cutaway body Les Paul model. There are a small number of 1961 Les Paul Customs that were made with the single cutaway body before the transition to the new, SG-style body was complete.

The Les Paul Custom remained a double cutaway model until 1963, when Les Paul's endorsement with Gibson ended, and the guitar was subsequently renamed the SG Custom.

In 1968, Gibson re-introduced the Les Paul Custom as a two-pickup model. The headstock angle was changed from 17 to 14 degrees, a wider headstock and a maple top (in lieu of the original 1953–1961 solid-mahogany construction). In 1969, Norlin acquired Gibson, and the Les Paul Custom saw many changes in the "Norlin Era". The solid-mahogany body was replaced in late 1969 with a "pancake" body (a two piece mahogany body with a thin slice of maple in between),[7] which was discontinued in 1976, however they could still be found as late as 1979. The mahogany neck was replaced with a three-piece maple neck in 1975 (discontinued around 1982), a "Made in USA" stamp was added to the back of the headstock, and a volute was added to the back of the neck to strengthen the thinnest part of the neck, just below the headstock (also discontinued in 1982).

In 1974, Gibson released the 20th anniversary Les Paul Custom in white, black, cherry sunburst and honey sunburst finishes (at least those four colors were made) with "20th Anniversary" engraved on the 15th-fret block inlay. By 1976, the new Nashville bridge began to replace the ABR-1. In 1977, the "pancake" maple layer was subtracted from the body, though the top was still maple, as was the neck. It was around this time that the current serial number system appears as well. In 1975, Gibson began making a number of Customs with maple fingerboards,[8] instead of the typical ebony, which was discontinued by the early 1980s. From 1979 to 1982 or 1983, Gibson made a limited edition of 75 Les Paul Customs worldwide in the Silverburst color with 2 "Tim Shaw Burstbuckers". After 1981, the volute was phased out.[9]

In 1984, Gibson closed the Kalamazoo plant, and all production was moved to Nashville. In 1986, Norlin sold Gibson to a group of investors led by Henry Juszkiewicz. By the end of the 1980s, the Les Paul Custom specifications feature a mahogany neck with ebony fingerboard, Standard Gibson frets (as opposed to wide, flatter frets), and a smaller headstock, a mahogany body with a maple top, gold hardware, two humbucking pickups, and a Nashville bridge.[citation needed]

Gibson has been installing its 490R/498T pickups as standard equipment on the majority of Customs since the 1990s.[citation needed]

Custom ordered Customs

[edit]

Les Paul Custom guitars from 2000 to 2003 were specially made to the requirements of the client, as regards fretboard, neck and body woods, and type of hardware, with some models allowing for requests for specific numbers of turns in the pickups' coils, as well. Individual logo designs and hard cases were also manufactured at the request of the customer. Specific Custom Shop serial numbers were assigned, encoded with Les Paul Custom's smaller, more compact serial number in the format "CS XXXXX".

The first two numbers represent on which number this specific model was built, next two represent the year they were made in and the last numeric value represents the month of formation.

Notable Les Paul Custom players

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia
from Grokipedia
The Gibson Les Paul Custom is a solid-body model produced by the Gibson Guitar Corporation, first introduced in 1954 as an upscale variant of the original , featuring a carved top over a body, an for smooth playability, multi-ply binding, and gold hardware that earned it the nickname "" in its signature finish. Developed in collaboration with guitarist and innovator , the model was positioned as the pinnacle of Gibson's lineup, incorporating premium appointments like a "tuxedo"-style aesthetic with block inlays and a bridge to enhance sustain and intonation, initially equipped with single-coil pickups before transitioning to revolutionary PAF humbuckers in 1957 for a fuller, hum-free tone. Discontinued in 1960 amid a shift to slimmer SG designs but reintroduced in 1968 with refinements like a top cap, the Custom has evolved through various eras—including the Norlin period's experimental finishes and the modern Custom Shop's weight-relieved bodies and CTS potentiometers—while maintaining its core 24.75-inch scale length, set neck, and Burstbucker or 490R/498T pickup options for versatile rock, blues, and tones. Renowned for its rich, sustaining sound and luxurious craftsmanship, the guitar has been wielded by iconic musicians such as of Led , whose 1959 "" defined heavy rock riffs; Slash of , favoring its Custom Shop reissues for signature sustain; and , who incorporated it into his blues-rock arsenal, cementing its status as a cornerstone of history.

Design and Specifications

Body and Construction

The Gibson Les Paul Custom features a constructed primarily from , renowned for its resonant tone and sustain, topped with a carved cap that contributes to brightness and aesthetic appeal. The body measures approximately 39 inches in overall length and 13 inches in width at the lower bout, with a thickness of 1.75 inches, resulting in a typical range of 9 to 11 pounds due to its dense, build without extensive in traditional models. Aesthetic elements distinguish the Les Paul Custom, including a multi-ply binding around the body top and back for a luxurious, bound appearance, and an nitrocellulose finish that provides a sleek black exterior, though Heritage Cherry Sunburst variants appear in select reissues. The incorporates a distinctive "Custom" , enhancing its premium visual identity. Construction has evolved over time, with pre-1960 models utilizing a one-piece back for optimal resonance and stability, often joined via a long-tenon set neck. During the Norlin era (1969-1986), bodies shifted to multi-piece "pancake" , featuring thin layers sandwiched between slabs to streamline production while maintaining the carved top. Modern builds revert to one-piece backs, sourced from sustainably managed forests in and for genuine , with figured tops harvested from North American species like . These contemporary examples incorporate 9-hole weight relief for reduced heft without compromising solidity, and aging processes in the Custom Shop involve hand-sanding and chemical treatments to replicate on the wood and finish. The body includes subtle to accommodate , ensuring seamless integration of components.

Neck, Fretboard, and Scale

The Gibson Les Paul Custom employs a one-piece neck constructed with a set- , glued at the 16th position to promote superior and structural integrity. The neck features a rounded medium C-shaped profile, delivering a balanced, substantial feel that supports both technical precision and expressive playing. This profile typically measures 0.84 to 0.95 inches in depth at the first , providing medium to chunky dimensions ideal for a variety of hand sizes. The fretboard is crafted from , selected for its dense grain and smooth response, which enhances finger dexterity and contributes to the guitar's articulate note definition. It incorporates a 12-inch radius for comfortable chording and lead work, along with 22 medium-jumbo frets that facilitate smooth bends and . Block inlays, typically fashioned from mother-of-pearl for a premium visual appeal, are positioned at standard intervals to guide the player without obstructing the ebony's sleek appearance; modern iterations may substitute acrylic for durability while maintaining the classic look. With a scale length of 24.75 inches, the Les Paul Custom achieves heightened sustain and balanced string tension, fostering its signature warm, full-bodied tone that distinguishes it from instruments with longer scales. This dimension aligns with Gibson's traditional solidbody designs, emphasizing tonal richness and playability suited to rock and genres. The headstock adopts Gibson's sloped configuration, optimizing string angle over the nut for improved tuning stability. Original models utilized Kluson-style tuners with single-ring buttons and a 14:1 gear ratio, prized for their reliability and vintage authenticity. The truss rod cover, engraved with "Les Paul Custom," serves as both a functional access point and an emblem of the model's elite craftsmanship.

Electronics and Hardware

The Gibson Les Paul Custom's electronics feature a standard configuration consisting of two humbucking pickups, a three-way toggle switch for pickup selection, two volume knobs, and two tone knobs. Original models from 1954-1956 were equipped with single-coil pickups (a staple-style unit in the neck position and a soapbar in the bridge for 1954; two soapbar s for 1955-1956), which delivered a bright, articulate tone with prominent midrange bite. From 1957-1960, the model transitioned to three Patent Applied For (PAF) humbucking pickups, which reduced hum and provided a fuller, more balanced output with impedance typically ranging from 7.5 to 8.5 k ohms, contributing to the model's signature warm midrange and extended sustain. In modern reissues and production models, equivalents such as the 490R (neck) and 498T (bridge) ceramic humbuckers or Burstbucker sets replicate these characteristics while offering enhanced clarity and power. The wiring harness employs CTS 500k audio-taper potentiometers for and tone controls, paired with 0.022 µF capacitors that facilitate a gradual treble for smooth tonal shaping without excessive high-end loss. The three-way Switchcraft toggle switch enables selection between bridge, both pickups in , or positions, while the 1/4-inch Switchcraft output jack ensures reliable signal transfer. Control cavities are shielded with a heavy-gauge steel plate to minimize and maintain . Hardware components include the ABR-1 bridge, which features adjustable intonation via thumbwheels and saddles for precise string spacing and sustain enhancement. The stopbar tailpiece, typically constructed from lightweight aluminum or , anchors the strings and promotes by transferring vibrations efficiently to the body. These elements collectively yield the Custom's renowned tonal profile of rich, warm mids and prolonged note decay, with the set neck joint subtly influencing pickup for added complexity.

History

Origins and Introduction

The Gibson Les Paul Custom emerged from a pivotal collaboration between Gibson president and guitarist , who served as a consultant to the company. Drawing inspiration from the luxurious aesthetics of Gibson's high-end archtop models like the L-5 and Super 400, McCarty aimed to create a premium solid-body that combined elegance with modern playability. Prototypes were developed in , with the model officially introduced in late 1954 as Gibson's flagship offering. Positioned as the top-of-the-line variant above the Les Paul Standard and Goldtop models, the Custom targeted professional musicians seeking superior craftsmanship and tone. It launched at a list price of $325, equivalent to approximately $3,813 in 2025 dollars, reflecting its status as a luxury instrument built with premium materials. Early production occurred exclusively at Gibson's factory, where approximately 1,912 units were shipped between and 1960. Key innovations distinguished the Les Paul Custom from its siblings, including an ebony fingerboard for enhanced smoothness and speed compared to , extensive multi-ply binding on the body, , and that earned it the nickname "," and three single-coil pickups delivering a brighter, more articulate tone suited to nuanced playing. These features elevated its visual and sonic appeal, making it a favored choice in circles for its rich, dimensional sound during the . As rock 'n' roll gained momentum, the model's versatility also contributed to its adoption in early rock ensembles, bridging traditional and emerging styles.

Evolution and Discontinuation

In 1957, Gibson transitioned the Les Paul Custom from its original and Alnico V pickups to a configuration featuring three PAF humbucking pickups, a change aimed at reducing electrical hum and providing greater output to better compete with Fender's noiseless single-coil designs in the Stratocaster. This upgrade, developed by Gibson engineer , marked a significant in the model's electronics, enhancing sustain and tonal versatility while aligning with the growing demand for higher-gain sounds in rock and blues. The humbuckers were typically installed in the neck, middle, and bridge positions, though rarer two-pickup variants appeared briefly. By the late 1950s, further refinements included slimmer neck profiles introduced in 1959 and refined in 1960, responding to player preferences for faster playability amid shifting market tastes. However, these updates could not reverse declining sales, as the model's hefty weight and high price—around $350—deterred buyers favoring lighter, more affordable alternatives. Production of the original single-cutaway Custom dwindled, with only about 246 units shipped in 1959, culminating in 189 units in its final year of 1960 before discontinuation. Overall, 1,912 Customs were shipped from 1954 to 1960, a fraction of the roughly 41,500 total models shipped across variants from 1952 to 1960. The discontinuation in 1960 stemmed from broader market pressures, including Les Paul's endorsement shifting toward the more popular and Gibson's strategic pivot to lighter designs amid stagnant sales. In response, Gibson introduced the SG body style in 1960, featuring a thinner body and pointed double-cutaway "horns" that deviated sharply from the 's traditional single-cutaway shape. This redesign carried over to the high-end line as the 1961 SG Custom, serving as an interim flagship during the Norlin era precursors, with the name retained until 1963. The set-neck construction, formalized in Gibson's US Patent 2,714,326 filed by in 1952, remained a core feature, ensuring neck-through stability. As Gibson prepared for revival, prototypes experimented with material shifts, adding a carved cap over the body to brighten highs and introduce more bite compared to the original all- tone. These early builds, part of the transition back to the single-cutaway , used center-seamed tops and long tenon necks, influencing the reintroduced model's enhanced clarity for rock applications.

Reintroduction and Modern Developments

The Gibson Les Paul Custom was reintroduced in as the original single-cutaway model after its transformation into the double-cutaway SG Custom during the early . This revival incorporated a at the neck joint for added reinforcement against breaks and Grover Rotomatic tuners for improved tuning stability. In the , under Norlin ownership, Gibson adopted "pancake" body construction, featuring a thin layer sandwiched between two slabs capped with a top, primarily to cut production costs and mitigate issues. Following Norlin's sale of the company in , Gibson shifted back to traditional single-cutaway designs in the , emphasizing higher-quality materials and craftsmanship at the newly consolidated Nashville facility after closing the Kalamazoo plant. The 1990s marked the formal launch of the Gibson Custom Shop in 1993, dedicated to precise historical reissues of the Les Paul Custom with artificially aged finishes to evoke the of vintage instruments. This era introduced Vintage Original Spec (VOS) treatments, applying a lightly dulled gloss and oxidized hardware for a gently worn appearance without excessive relicing. From the 2000s through 2025, innovations continued to refine the model. In 2021, the Murphy Lab debuted within the Custom Shop, utilizing Tom Murphy's proprietary techniques to artificially age finishes through controlled checking, wear, and hardware patina, simulating decades of play on select Les Paul Customs. In 2014, Gibson introduced the use of cryo-treated wire—subjected to cryogenic freezing for enhanced hardness and longevity—across USA-made models including the Les Paul Custom, reportedly extending life up to four times compared to standard nickel-silver wire. Modern Les Paul Customs continue to use fingerboards, with FSC-certified woods incorporated as part of Gibson's efforts to align with environmental standards while maintaining the model's rich tonal profile. Post-1986 production emphasized manufacturing at the Nashville Custom Shop, focusing on limited-run, handcrafted Customs with historical accuracy. Annual output for high-end Custom Shop models hovered around several thousand units, prioritizing quality over .

Variants and Production

Standard Models and Reissues

The Gibson Les Paul Custom was introduced in as the flagship model in the lineup, in its signature ebony nitrocellulose lacquer finish, which remained standard through 1960. Original production guitars from -1956 featured two single-coil pickups ( staple in neck, in bridge), ebony fretboard with block inlays, and multi-ply binding, while 1957-1960 models transitioned to a three-humbucker configuration, establishing the model's reputation for premium tone and aesthetics during its initial run. Reissues of the Custom resumed in 1968 following the model's temporary discontinuation, aiming to recapture the design ethos with updates like a 14-degree angle and optional Bigsby B7 tailpiece on select 1968-1975 examples for enhanced playability. These reissues maintained the finish and two-pickup layout, produced through 1975 as part of Gibson's effort to revive classic solidbody electrics amid shifting market demands. From 1976 into the 1980s, standard Custom models incorporated the Nashville bridge for improved intonation and sustain, marking a shift toward more modern hardware while retaining the finish and multi-ply body binding. The 1980s saw the introduction of Heritage Wood finishes, such as natural and cherry options, on select standards to highlight premium tonewoods and appeal to evolving player preferences. The 1990s brought the Historic Reissue series, with models like the 1963 Custom faithfully replicating vintage specifications including a sideways Vibrola tailpiece, ebony fretboard, and period-correct humbuckers for archival accuracy. These reissues emphasized hand-aged hardware and figured tops, produced in limited batches to honor the model's golden era. Annual production runs for Historic Reissues have hovered between 500 and 1,000 units since , balancing demand with historical fidelity. In the 2020s, the standard USA Custom continues as a core offering with two Custombuckers or PAF 57 humbucking pickups, fretboard, and gloss finish, typically priced between $5,000 and $6,000 to reflect its handcrafted construction in Nashville. For greater affordability, the Custom Studio and variants utilize bodies with fretboards, weight-relieved designs, and scaled-down appointments while preserving the model's tonal essence.

Custom Shop and Limited Editions

The Gibson Custom Shop, formally established in following the launch of its Dealer Custom Department in 1991, has been instrumental in producing high-end reissues of the Custom, emphasizing historical accuracy and premium craftsmanship. These early efforts included the introduction of the Historic Collection, featuring models like the 1957 Les Paul Custom reissue with hand-aged hardware and lacquer finishes that replicate the iconic ebony of vintage originals. The shop's focus on replicas allowed for meticulous attention to period-correct details, such as long neck tenons and figured tops, setting a standard for artisanal guitar building. Central to the Custom Shop's Les Paul Custom production are specialized techniques that enhance authenticity and playability. Tops are hand-carved from select figured over mahogany bodies, ensuring the resonant tone and visual appeal synonymous with the model. Relic finishes, introduced in lines like the 2014 Historic Spec series, employ aging processes to simulate decades of use, including subtle checking in the lacquer and worn hardware, often through controlled application of heat, abrasives, and chemical patinas. Custom options further allow for variations like highly figured tops or additions such as Bigsby tremolos, tailored to individual specifications while maintaining structural integrity. Limited editions from the Custom Shop highlight commemorative and artist-inspired variants of the Les Paul Custom, often produced in runs of fewer than 500 units to preserve exclusivity. The 2010 Limited Edition "Stealth" Les Paul Custom, for instance, featured a blacked-out aesthetic with ebony-like finishes and matte hardware, limited to a small batch for collectors. More recently, the 2024 Bizarre Guitar 50th Anniversary Limited Edition Les Paul Custom offered an aged goldtop finish with natural back, hand-carved top, and relic treatment, priced around $8,000 and restricted to select authorized dealers. These Custom Shop and limited-edition Les Paul Customs command significant value due to their rarity and craftsmanship, with original 1950s examples often fetching high auction prices. Annual production of Custom Shop Les Paul Customs remains modest, typically in the range of 100-200 units, focusing on quality over quantity to meet demand from discerning players and investors.

Notable Users and Legacy

Famous Musicians

prominently featured a 1974 Gibson Les Paul Custom as his primary guitar during his tenure with , using it to record the seminal tracks on the 1980 album . This alpine white-finished model, gifted to him by Quiet Riot's early manager Dennis Wageman, showcased a top over a body with an fretboard, contributing to Rhoads' signature tone through its stock Gibson T-Top pickups and versatile electronics. The guitar's distinctive appearance and tonal clarity influenced Rhoads' shredding style, evident in songs like "Crazy Train" and "," where its sustain and bite helped define heavy metal guitar techniques in the early 1980s. The Edge of incorporated a 1975 white into his arsenal for its thick, effects-laden sound, notably employing it on the 1987 album . This model, part of his collection of Les Pauls, was used to craft atmospheric textures and rhythmic delays in tracks like "Where the Streets Have No Name," leveraging its humbucking pickups for the band's signature expansiveness. Acquired during the band's rise in the late 1970s, the guitar's bold aesthetics and robust output complemented The Edge's delay-heavy approach, enhancing 's stadium-rock anthems. Jimmy Page utilized a 1960 Gibson Les Paul Custom—often referred to as his "Black Beauty"—for key Led Zeppelin recordings, including elements of the 1971 album . This black-finished model, featuring an ebony fretboard and three humbuckers, was acquired through session work connections and modified for Page's dynamic playing, with its (approximately 9-xxx range) linking it to rare '50s production. Page's use on riffs and solos, such as in "," highlighted the guitar's rich harmonics and sustain, solidifying its role in innovation. Zakk Wylde adopted a custom-painted with a bullseye graphic starting in 1988, transforming it into his iconic "Grail" guitar for tours and albums like . Originally a black model traded from a fan, Wylde commissioned the concentric bullseye finish from John Ingram to distinguish it from ' white Les Paul, while installing and 85 active pickups for high-gain aggression. This setup, with its shaved neck and ebony board, powered Wylde's pinch-harmonic-heavy style on tracks like "," becoming a symbol of 1990s metal shredding. Gary Moore relied on a 1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard for its bluesy sustain and bite, prominently featuring it on his 1979 breakthrough single "Parisienne Walkways" from the album Back on the Streets (recorded 1978). This sunburst model, with stock humbuckers and a set neck, captured Moore's emotive bends and vibrato in the song's iconic solo, blending rock firepower with jazz-inflected phrasing. Moore's affinity for the Les Paul's tonal depth influenced his shift to blues-rock, as heard in live renditions throughout the decade. Slash of has favored Gibson Les Paul Custom models, particularly Custom Shop reissues, for their signature sustain and tone in riffs, as heard in tracks like "" from the 1987 debut . His use of black-finished Customs with gold hardware aligns with the model's luxurious aesthetic, contributing to his iconic sound in the band and solo work. Eric Clapton incorporated the Gibson Les Paul Custom into his blues-rock arsenal, using models like a 1960 black Custom during his tenure with in the late 1960s and in solo recordings such as (1970). The guitar's sustaining tone and fretboard supported Clapton's expressive phrasing and bends, bridging traditions with rock innovation.

Cultural and Musical Impact

The Gibson Les Paul Custom has profoundly shaped and , particularly through its adoption in the late 1970s and 1980s, where its rich, sustaining tone enabled neoclassical lead styles that blended classical influences with aggressive riffing. In , the guitar contributed to expansive, atmospheric soundscapes during the 1980s, as seen in its use for rhythmic layering and delay-drenched parts that defined evolution into stadium anthems. For , the Les Paul Custom's inherent sustain—derived from its solid body and fretboard—facilitated extended, emotive solos that captured raw emotional depth, influencing expressive lead techniques in modern blues-rock. Custom modifications to the Les Paul Custom, such as the integration of active electronics like /85 humbuckers, expanded its versatility for high-gain applications, inspiring similar onboard preamp innovations in rival designs from Fender and PRS. These mods, popularized in the and beyond, influenced the development of hybrid guitars like the PRS Custom 24, which adopted the Les Paul Custom's set-neck construction and bound body aesthetics while adding modern ergonomics. In recording, the guitar's warm, full-frequency response made it a staple for direct injection methods, allowing clean signal capture that preserved its signature overtones in studio mixes across rock subgenres. In pop culture, the Custom has appeared in films like Rudderless (2014), where a custom emerald sparkle finish model symbolized artistic redemption, and (1968), highlighting its role in raw, improvisational performance scenes. Its iconic shape powered the wireless controller for the series, starting with Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock in 2007, introducing millions to rhythm gaming and emulating rock performance. Auction values underscore its collectible status, with a 1968 model fetching $16,250 at in May 2025, reflecting sustained demand for vintage examples. By November 2025, the Les Paul Custom's legacy includes production in the tens of thousands of units since its 1954 introduction, driven by annual outputs amid Gibson's resurgence. Gibson has amplified this enduring appeal through sustainability efforts, including the 2024 Repurpose Collection using guitar-making byproducts and ongoing Forest Stewardship Council-certified wood sourcing, earning endorsements from environmental advocates and artists alike.

References

Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.