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Lev Karakhan
Lev Mikhailovich Karakhan (Karakhanyan, Armenian: Լևոն Միքայելի Կարախանյան, Russian: Лев Михайлович Карахан; 20 January 1889 – 20 September 1937) was a Russian revolutionary and a Soviet diplomat. A member of the RSDLP from 1904, at first a Menshevik, he joined the Bolsheviks in May 1917.
Lev Karakhan was born in Tiflis (Tbilisi), where his father, Mikhail Karakhanyan worked as a barrister. After graduating from Real school in Tiflis, he worked as a tutor and reporter. His family later moved to Harbin, where, in 1904, he joined the Menshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He studied law at St Petersburg University in from 1910, but did not graduate. In 1912, he became involved in the trade unions, and in 1913, he joined the Mezhraiontsy - RSDLP members who were neither Bolsheviks nor Mensheviks. After the outbreak of war, in 1914, he organised an illegal printing house, and helped produce radical magazine, and the illegal newspaper, Vpered. In 1915, he was arrested as he was leaving the printing press, in Chubarov Lane, but managed to chew and swallow a list he was carrying of party members. He was deported to Tomsk, where he enrolled in Tomsk University, until he was expelled in May 1917 for failing to pay his fees. He also worked illegally for the Irkutsk party organisation.
In summer 1917, he returned to St Petersburg and was elected to the district Duma. He joined the Bolsheviks (later the All-Russian Communist Party) With the other members of the Mezhraiontsy, who were now led by Leon Trotsky. During the Bolshevik Revolution he was member of the Revolutionary Military Council.
From November 1917 to March 1918, during the Brest-Litovsk peace talks that ended the war between Russia and Germany, Karakhan acted as secretary to each of the three successive Soviet delegations, headed respectively by Adolph Joffe, Trotsky, and Grigory Sokolnikov. In March 1918, Karakhan was appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and head of the Eastern Department.
In 1919, he issued a statement concerning relations with China called the Karakhan Manifesto, which promised to put an end to the "robber invasion of Manchuria and Siberia" to renounce the 'unequal treaties' signed by Russia and China in 1858 and 1860, and to return to China all of "conquests made by the Tsarist government which deprived China of Manchuria". Some, including William Lai, President of Taiwan that the promises made in the manifesto were never honoured, either by the USSR or the Russian Federation.
In August 1919, Joseph Stalin, who was then People's Commissar for Nationalities, objected that Karakhan's presence in that role was creating problems with establishing Soviet rule in Azerbaijan, and weakening relations with Turkey, and would create worse problems as the Red Army advanced through Turkestan, because Karakhan was an Armenian "towards whom Muslims in general, and Turks in particular, have the utmost distrust." (Stalin was referring to the Armenian resistance to Turkish rule during the 1914–18, which gave rise to the Armenian genocide
On May 30, 1921, a month after the formal ratification of Treaty of Riga, which ended the Polish–Soviet War Karakhan was posted to Poland as the first plenipotentiary representative of the RSFSR. He was recalled on 9 October 1922
On August 8, 1923, he was appointed head of the Soviet delegation to China, where his task was to establish diplomatic relations with the Beiyang government in Beijing.
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Lev Karakhan
Lev Mikhailovich Karakhan (Karakhanyan, Armenian: Լևոն Միքայելի Կարախանյան, Russian: Лев Михайлович Карахан; 20 January 1889 – 20 September 1937) was a Russian revolutionary and a Soviet diplomat. A member of the RSDLP from 1904, at first a Menshevik, he joined the Bolsheviks in May 1917.
Lev Karakhan was born in Tiflis (Tbilisi), where his father, Mikhail Karakhanyan worked as a barrister. After graduating from Real school in Tiflis, he worked as a tutor and reporter. His family later moved to Harbin, where, in 1904, he joined the Menshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He studied law at St Petersburg University in from 1910, but did not graduate. In 1912, he became involved in the trade unions, and in 1913, he joined the Mezhraiontsy - RSDLP members who were neither Bolsheviks nor Mensheviks. After the outbreak of war, in 1914, he organised an illegal printing house, and helped produce radical magazine, and the illegal newspaper, Vpered. In 1915, he was arrested as he was leaving the printing press, in Chubarov Lane, but managed to chew and swallow a list he was carrying of party members. He was deported to Tomsk, where he enrolled in Tomsk University, until he was expelled in May 1917 for failing to pay his fees. He also worked illegally for the Irkutsk party organisation.
In summer 1917, he returned to St Petersburg and was elected to the district Duma. He joined the Bolsheviks (later the All-Russian Communist Party) With the other members of the Mezhraiontsy, who were now led by Leon Trotsky. During the Bolshevik Revolution he was member of the Revolutionary Military Council.
From November 1917 to March 1918, during the Brest-Litovsk peace talks that ended the war between Russia and Germany, Karakhan acted as secretary to each of the three successive Soviet delegations, headed respectively by Adolph Joffe, Trotsky, and Grigory Sokolnikov. In March 1918, Karakhan was appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and head of the Eastern Department.
In 1919, he issued a statement concerning relations with China called the Karakhan Manifesto, which promised to put an end to the "robber invasion of Manchuria and Siberia" to renounce the 'unequal treaties' signed by Russia and China in 1858 and 1860, and to return to China all of "conquests made by the Tsarist government which deprived China of Manchuria". Some, including William Lai, President of Taiwan that the promises made in the manifesto were never honoured, either by the USSR or the Russian Federation.
In August 1919, Joseph Stalin, who was then People's Commissar for Nationalities, objected that Karakhan's presence in that role was creating problems with establishing Soviet rule in Azerbaijan, and weakening relations with Turkey, and would create worse problems as the Red Army advanced through Turkestan, because Karakhan was an Armenian "towards whom Muslims in general, and Turks in particular, have the utmost distrust." (Stalin was referring to the Armenian resistance to Turkish rule during the 1914–18, which gave rise to the Armenian genocide
On May 30, 1921, a month after the formal ratification of Treaty of Riga, which ended the Polish–Soviet War Karakhan was posted to Poland as the first plenipotentiary representative of the RSFSR. He was recalled on 9 October 1922
On August 8, 1923, he was appointed head of the Soviet delegation to China, where his task was to establish diplomatic relations with the Beiyang government in Beijing.