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Littlejohn adaptor
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The Littlejohn adaptor was a device that could be added to the British QF 2 pounder (40 mm) anti-tank gun. It was used to extend the service life of the 2-pounder during the Second World War by converting it to squeeze bore operation, improving its ability to penetrate armor. "Littlejohn" came from the calque, i.e. literal anglicization, of the name of František Janeček, the Czech designer and factory owner who had been working on the squeeze-bore principle in the 1930s, and his son František Karel Janeček, who had brought his know-how to Britain after fleeing from German-occupied Czechoslovakia.[1]
Design
[edit]
The adaptor took the form of a reducing bore that was screwed on to the end of the gun. This was coupled with a round formed from a hard core (tungsten) inside a softer metal casing - the armour-piercing, composite non-rigid (APCNR) design.
Upon firing, the round travelled the first part of the bore as normal, but on entering the tapering portion the softer and malleable metal of the outer shell of the round was compressed - from 40 mm to approximately 30 mm.
When the round emerged from the adaptor, it now had a smaller cross-section than before. Together with the higher driving pressure developed in a barrel of diminishing cross-section compared to a standard cylindrical bore, the APCNR round, called APSV (from armour-piercing super velocity), travelled faster, over a flatter trajectory. The Littlejohn adaptor/APCNR combination gave the 2 pounder a similar effect as the armour-piercing discarding sabot round used with the much larger and heavier QF 6 pounder gun.
The muzzle velocity of the APSV Mark II shell was 1,143 m/s compared with the 792 m/s of the normal 1.2 kg APCBC shell. The lighter Mark I APSV shell was capable of penetrating 88 mm of armour at 450 m at a 30-degree angle of impact.[2]
In 1942, US Ordnance tested the Littlejohn adaptor in an attempt to develop a taper bore adaptor for the 37 mm Gun M3. The adaptor distorted after a few shots.[3]
Use
[edit]The adaptor was chiefly used on British armoured cars, e.g. the Daimler, which had been designed and built earlier in the war and could not be readily fitted with a larger gun. As an adaptor to the existing gun it could be removed so that normal rounds could be fired. This offered increased anti-armour effect but with obvious drawbacks in combat conditions. When crews discovered the special 'squeeze bore' ammunition was more effective than the standard 2-pounder anti-tank round even when not 'squeezed', the usual practice was to store the adaptors rather than have them fitted.
It was also experimentally fitted to the Vickers 40mm S Gun fitted to the Hawker Hurricane IID anti-armour variant, but the conclusion published in the official bulletin of the European Cartridge Research Association was:
Tests in the Far East showed a high level of accuracy, with an average of 25% of shots fired at tanks striking the target. Attacks with HE were twice as accurate as with AP, possibly because the ballistics were a closer match to the .303" Browning machine guns used for sighting... the gun/ammunition combination did not function with sufficient reliability...
— Anthony G. Williams, The Cartridge Researcher[4]
See also
[edit]- 2.8 cm sPzB 41 – German anti-tank gun working on the squeeze bore principle.
- 4.2 cm Pak 41 – Most comparable German anti-tank gun working on the squeeze bore principle.
- 7.5 cm PaK 41 – Another German anti-tank gun working on the squeeze bore principle.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Williams, Anthony G. "The Littlejohn Adaptor". Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- ^ http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/sgun.htm Littlejohn adaptor
- ^ Zaloga, Delf - US Anti-tank Artillery 1941-45, pages 6-7.
- ^ Williams, Anthony G. (February 1999). "The Vickers 40 MM Class S Gun with Littlejohn Adapter". The Cartridge Researcher. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
References
[edit]- Zaloga, Steven J., Brian Delf - US Anti-tank Artillery 1941-45 (2005) Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-690-9.
External links
[edit]
Littlejohn adaptor
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History and Development
Origins
The Littlejohn adaptor originated in Czechoslovakia during the 1930s as a squeeze-bore device intended to enhance the performance of existing anti-tank weapons. It was developed by František Janeček, a prominent engineer and founder of the JAWA motorcycle manufacturing company, in collaboration with his son, František Karel Janeček, who specialized in arms design and held numerous patents in the field.[5][6] The invention focused on a muzzle attachment that compressed projectiles to increase muzzle velocity and armor penetration, allowing upgrades to standard artillery without the need for costly complete redesigns.[5][7] The adaptor's name derived from an anglicization of the Janeček surname, which literally translates to "Little John" in English, reflecting the designer's heritage.[5] Early development emphasized its application to anti-tank rifles, such as experimental 15 mm designs compressing to 11 mm, where it was conceived to counter emerging armored threats in Europe. Pre-World War II testing in Czechoslovakia validated its conceptual promise, revealing significant improvements in armor-piercing effectiveness through the squeeze-bore mechanism that deformed and accelerated specially shaped projectiles.[6][7][8] With the impending threat of German expansion, the Janeček family prioritized safeguarding their innovations. In 1939, shortly before the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia on March 15, František Karel Janeček fled to Britain, smuggling the adaptor prototypes hidden inside a sofa and delivering them to the British embassy in Prague to prevent their capture by German forces. This exile preserved the technology, setting the stage for its later adaptation in British service, while František Janeček remained in Prague until his death in 1941.[6][7][5]British Adoption
The design for what became known as the Littlejohn adaptor arrived in Britain in 1939, brought by the son of Czech inventor František Janeček shortly after the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia at the outset of the Second World War.[1] This transfer occurred amid the influx of Czech technical expertise and prototypes fleeing continental Europe, providing British ordnance experts with an innovative squeeze-bore concept originally developed for anti-tank applications. The adaptor's potential to enhance existing British weaponry aligned with urgent wartime needs, as German armored threats rapidly outpaced the capabilities of early-war anti-tank guns. In 1940, the Woolwich Arsenal conducted initial evaluations of the Janeček design, focusing on its compatibility with the QF 2-pounder (40 mm) gun, the standard British anti-tank weapon at the time. Engineers at the arsenal, including physicists and stress specialists, assessed its structural integrity and ballistic modifications under wartime conditions, confirming its viability as a retrofit for the 2-pounder without requiring major alterations to gun mounts or carriages. These tests addressed concerns over the adaptor's tapered bore mechanism squeezing specialized ammunition to achieve higher velocities, ensuring it could be integrated into production lines strained by broader rearmament efforts. Official adoption and production of the Mk I variant followed in early 1943, designating the Littlejohn as a muzzle attachment to prolong the 2-pounder's service life against increasingly thick German tank armor, such as that on Panzer IV variants.[9] Manufactured as a screw-on device at British facilities, including adaptations at Woolwich, production was limited to several thousand units due to resource prioritization for superior calibers like the 6-pounder gun, which entered widespread service that year and rendered the 2-pounder increasingly obsolete.[9] The adaptor was thus reserved primarily for secondary roles, such as reconnaissance vehicles and airborne units. Early field trials spanning 1942 to 1943 validated the adaptor's performance in both static and mobile configurations, testing its fit with existing 2-pounder mounts on towed guns and armored platforms like the Daimler armoured car.[1] These exercises, conducted at proving grounds and simulated combat scenarios, confirmed reliable operation without excessive wear on barrels or disruptions to firing rates, paving the way for limited deployment in North Africa and Europe. Production of the Mk I variant commenced in January 1943, reflecting the cautious rollout informed by these trials.[9]Design and Technical Features
Squeeze Bore Mechanism
The Littlejohn adaptor functions as a screw-on muzzle attachment designed to reduce the bore diameter from 40 mm to approximately 30 mm over a length of approximately 300 mm, enabling a squeeze-bore effect on compatible projectiles.[1] This reduction is achieved through a smooth, tapered inner sleeve that gradually compresses the projectile's driving band as it travels through the adaptor, minimizing gas leakage while maintaining propulsive force on a smaller effective base area to boost muzzle velocity. The device is constructed from high-strength steel to endure the extreme pressures generated during firing, with the tapered configuration ensuring the projectile's outer components deform controllably without compromising the core penetrator. A light alloy carrier encases the tungsten carbide core, which is compressed by the narrowing bore and then allows the core to proceed independently after exit.[10]Compatible Ammunition
The Littlejohn adaptor was designed exclusively for Armor-Piercing Squeeze-Bore (APSV) rounds, also known as Armour-Piercing Composite Non-Rigid (APCNR) projectiles, with the Mark I and Mark II variants incorporating tungsten carbide cores to enhance penetration capabilities.[1] These projectiles featured a 40 mm outer diameter, a compressible alloy driving band for initial engagement with the rifling, and a light alloy carrier that deformed and squeezed down to 30 mm diameter upon passing through the adaptor's tapered bore, allowing the tungsten carbide core to separate from the carrier and proceed independently to the target.[10] Standard 2-pounder Armor-Piercing Capped Ballistic Capped (APCBC) rounds were incompatible with the adaptor due to the absence of a deformable carrier, which prevented them from properly navigating the squeeze-bore mechanism; however, the adaptor could be removed to enable firing of conventional ammunition. Production of APSV ammunition was severely constrained by wartime shortages of tungsten.Operational Deployment
Towed Gun Applications
The Littlejohn adaptor found its primary application on the towed QF 2-pounder anti-tank guns, particularly in defensive roles during the Italian and North-West European campaigns from 1943, where it extended the weapon's effectiveness against medium tanks such as the Panzer IV.[11] By squeezing the projectile to increase velocity, the adaptor allowed these lightweight, mobile guns—originally designed for earlier threats—to remain viable in static positions against upgraded German armor in theaters like Tunisia and the Italian front.[11] Installation of the Littlejohn adaptor on field guns was designed for rapid attachment and removal, typically by screwing it onto the muzzle, which provided crews with operational flexibility to switch between standard and squeeze-bore ammunition based on battlefield demands.[11] This adaptability was crucial in fluid engagements, enabling gunners to employ the device selectively without committing to permanent modifications. Combat reports from 1943 to 1944 highlight the adaptor's effectiveness in ambushes at ranges under 500 meters, where it achieved penetrations of up to 88 mm of armor, as demonstrated in engagements during the Italian campaign against German medium tanks.[11][12] These static deployments in defensive lines proved particularly successful in close-quarters scenarios, revitalizing the 2-pounder's role amid the transition to heavier calibers like the 6-pounder. Logistically, the adaptor's use required specialized crew training to ensure proper handling and prevent bore obstructions from improper attachment or residue buildup, with operations often limited to units that had reliable access to the dedicated Armour-Piercing Super Velocity (APSV) rounds.[11] Such constraints meant its deployment was prioritized for forward anti-tank regiments equipped for the unique ammunition supply chain, including the Canadian 1st Anti-Tank Regiment Royal Canadian Artillery.[13]Armored Vehicle Integration
The Littlejohn adaptor was extensively integrated into British armored vehicles during World War II, enabling mobile anti-tank roles by enhancing the performance of the QF 2-pounder gun without requiring complete weapon replacements. This adaptation allowed reconnaissance units to conduct flanking attacks and support operations against German armor, leveraging the adaptor's squeeze-bore mechanism for improved projectile velocity and penetration.[1] Widespread adoption occurred on the Daimler Armoured Car Mk I and Mk II, where the adaptor was fitted to the main armament for enhanced anti-armor effectiveness in reconnaissance duties. By 1944, numerous Daimler vehicles in northwest Europe were equipped with the device, facilitating rapid engagements during advances such as those in Normandy, where they targeted German half-tracks and other soft-skinned vehicles in flanking maneuvers. Modifications to the vehicle's recoil system ensured compatibility, while the compact design minimized impacts on turret space and mobility.[14][1] The adaptor was also fitted to the 2-pounder gun of light tanks like the Mk VII Tetrarch, bolstering anti-tank punch in airborne and paratroop support roles. Tetrarch units fitted with the Littlejohn saw deployment in operations requiring quick, lightweight firepower, with adjustments to recoil mechanisms preventing excessive strain on the lightweight chassis. Specific examples include Tetrarchs providing mobile anti-tank cover during airborne assaults, where the adaptor's enhanced ballistics proved valuable against enemy countermeasures.[15][1] It was also fitted to the American M22 Locust airborne tank for enhanced anti-tank capability in paratroop operations, such as those in North-West Europe.[2]Performance Evaluation
Ballistic Capabilities
The Littlejohn adaptor significantly enhanced the ballistic performance of the QF 2-pounder gun by employing a squeeze-bore mechanism that compressed the projectile, resulting in a substantial increase in muzzle velocity. Specifically, the Armour-Piercing Super Velocity (APSV) Mark II round achieved a muzzle velocity of 1,143 m/s when fired through the adaptor, compared to 792 m/s for the standard Armour-Piercing Capped Ballistic Capped (APCBC) round without it; this boost was attributable to the adaptor's tapered bore reducing the projectile diameter from 40 mm to approximately 30 mm during exit, thereby accelerating it more efficiently.[16] Penetration capabilities were markedly improved, with the lighter Mark I APSV round capable of defeating 88 mm of armor at a 450 m range and 30° obliquity. This performance rendered it effective against the armor of mid-war medium tanks at close ranges, where the increased velocity allowed for sufficient energy retention to overcome sloped plating. The adaptor's design provided approximately a 44% velocity increase over the base 2-pounder configuration, which translated to a substantial enhancement in armor penetration, enabling the weapon to remain viable against mid-war threats.[16][3] In terms of effective range and accuracy, the Littlejohn-equipped 2-pounder maintained good precision up to 800 m, benefiting from the flatter trajectory imparted by the higher velocity. Overall, its ballistic output was roughly equivalent to that of early QF 6-pounder Armour-Piercing (AP) rounds, offering comparable anti-tank efficacy without the added mechanical complexity of subcaliber discarding sabot ammunition. The adaptor was compatible with specialized APCNR (Armour-Piercing Composite Non-Rigid) rounds designed for squeeze-bore use.[16]Limitations and Trials
The Littlejohn adaptor required specialized Armour-Piercing Composite Non-Rigid (APCNR) ammunition, known as the APSV round, which featured a tungsten carbide core enclosed in a light alloy sabot that deformed during firing. This dependency limited its operational utility, as the adaptor could not fire standard high-explosive or other full-bore rounds, restricting crews to anti-tank roles only and reducing versatility in mixed combat scenarios.[17] Production of these rounds was constrained by wartime shortages of tungsten, a critical material imported primarily from neutral Portugal and later supplemented by U.S. sources, though overall availability remained low for British forces.[18] In 1942, U.S. Ordnance conducted trials of the Littlejohn adaptor adapted for the 37 mm Gun M3, aiming to enhance its anti-tank performance with a taper-bore design. However, the adaptor suffered rapid distortion after only a few shots due to excessive stresses, rendering it unsuitable and leading to its rejection for American service. This issue highlighted a broader mechanical vulnerability, as the adaptor's thin-walled construction, while lightweight, proved prone to deformation under repeated high-pressure firing.[19] The adaptor's squeeze-bore mechanism also accelerated barrel wear on the host gun, with the elevated chamber pressures and projectile deformation reducing barrel life significantly compared to standard ammunition—often to a few hundred rounds before rifling erosion compromised accuracy.[17][20] Precise alignment during installation was essential to ensure proper sabot collapse and gas sealing, a process demanding skilled maintenance that was challenging in forward positions. Additionally, the protruding design made it susceptible to fouling by mud and debris in muddy or dusty environments, potentially jamming the mechanism or causing misfires during field operations.[21] Aircraft trials in 1942 fitted the Littlejohn adaptor to Vickers 40 mm Class S guns on Hawker Hurricane IID fighters, primarily for ground-attack roles. Despite initial testing showing potential velocity gains, the combination experienced performance limitations, with combat hit rates estimated at 30-50% against armored targets. These issues, compounded by the guns' low rate of fire, led to the concept's limited adoption overall.[22][1]References
- https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:Ordnance_QF_2-pounder