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Maku language of Auari
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Maku language of Auari
Máku, also spelled Mako (Spanish Macú), and in the language itself Jukude, is an unclassified language and likely language isolate once spoken on the Brazil–Venezuela border in Roraima along the upper Uraricoera and lower Auari rivers, west of Boa Vista, by the Jukudeitse ([ʝokudeˈit͜se] or [ʑokudeˈit͜se]) or 'people'. 300 years ago, the Jukude territory was between the Padamo and Cunucunuma rivers to the southwest.
The last speaker, Sinfrônio Magalhães, died in 2000. There are currently no speakers or rememberers of Máku and no-one identifies as Jukude any longer. Aryon Rodrigues and Ernesto Migliazza, as well as Iraguacema Lima Maciel, worked on the language, and the data was collected into a grammar by Chris Rogers published in 2020.
The people called themselves jukude-itse [zokudeitse] (person-PL) 'people'. When speaking to outsiders, they referred to themselves as [ˈmaku] or [ˈmako]. Maku ~ Mako (in Spanish orthography Macu or Maco) is an Arawakan term for unintelligible languages and people held in servitude in the Orinoco region. (See Maku people for a partial list.) While the stress of the word in other languages called 'Maku' may be on either the first or final syllable, as Máku/Mácu or Makú/Macú (Migliazza, Fabré), the word was pronounced with initial stress by the jukudeitse and so the name is often written with stress on the first syllable: Máku (Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, Maciel 1991, and Rogers 2020) or Máko (Campbell 2012), though also Makú or simply Maku (Migliazza). The disambiguator Maku-Auari has also been used.
Suggested genetic relations involving Máku include:
Kaufman (1990) finds the Kalianan proposal "promising", though he is now dated.
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Sape, Arutani, and Warao languages, as well as the Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Katukina-Katawixi, and Arawa language families due to contact.
The Máku syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C).
/k/ is voiced to [g] intervocalically and can occasionally be realized as [g] in other environments too.
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Maku language of Auari
Máku, also spelled Mako (Spanish Macú), and in the language itself Jukude, is an unclassified language and likely language isolate once spoken on the Brazil–Venezuela border in Roraima along the upper Uraricoera and lower Auari rivers, west of Boa Vista, by the Jukudeitse ([ʝokudeˈit͜se] or [ʑokudeˈit͜se]) or 'people'. 300 years ago, the Jukude territory was between the Padamo and Cunucunuma rivers to the southwest.
The last speaker, Sinfrônio Magalhães, died in 2000. There are currently no speakers or rememberers of Máku and no-one identifies as Jukude any longer. Aryon Rodrigues and Ernesto Migliazza, as well as Iraguacema Lima Maciel, worked on the language, and the data was collected into a grammar by Chris Rogers published in 2020.
The people called themselves jukude-itse [zokudeitse] (person-PL) 'people'. When speaking to outsiders, they referred to themselves as [ˈmaku] or [ˈmako]. Maku ~ Mako (in Spanish orthography Macu or Maco) is an Arawakan term for unintelligible languages and people held in servitude in the Orinoco region. (See Maku people for a partial list.) While the stress of the word in other languages called 'Maku' may be on either the first or final syllable, as Máku/Mácu or Makú/Macú (Migliazza, Fabré), the word was pronounced with initial stress by the jukudeitse and so the name is often written with stress on the first syllable: Máku (Dixon & Aikhenvald 1999, Maciel 1991, and Rogers 2020) or Máko (Campbell 2012), though also Makú or simply Maku (Migliazza). The disambiguator Maku-Auari has also been used.
Suggested genetic relations involving Máku include:
Kaufman (1990) finds the Kalianan proposal "promising", though he is now dated.
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Sape, Arutani, and Warao languages, as well as the Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Katukina-Katawixi, and Arawa language families due to contact.
The Máku syllable structure is (C)(C)V(V)(C).
/k/ is voiced to [g] intervocalically and can occasionally be realized as [g] in other environments too.