Mathole Serofo Motshekga (born 2 April 1949) is a retired South African politician and lawyer. He represented the African National Congress (ANC) in the National Assembly of South Africa between May 2009 and May 2024, during which time he was the Chief Whip of the Majority Party from 2009 to 2013. Before that, he was the second Premier of Gauteng from 1998 to 1999.

Born in Limpopo, Motshekga was an advocate of the Supreme Court of South Africa during apartheid and also taught law at the University of South Africa. In September 1997, he was elected Provincial Chairperson of the ANC in Gauteng, and he succeeded Tokyo Sexwale as Premier in January 1998. However, after the 1999 general election, newly elected President Thabo Mbeki asked Motshekga to resign as Premier. In subsequent years, Motshekga served as an ordinary Member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature.

After joining the National Assembly in the 2009 general election, Motshekga was the Chief Whip of the Majority Party until June 2013, when he was demoted to an ordinary seat in Parliament. Over the next decade he chaired a number of parliamentary committees. He also served two non-consecutive terms on the ANC National Executive Committee from 2007 to 2012 and from 2017 to 2022.

Motshekga was born on 2 April 1949 in Modjadjiskloof in what later became South Africa's Limpopo province. His father was a ranger on a white-owned farm, and he had younger siblings. He matriculated in 1969 and, after graduation, worked as a clerk at the University of the North.

Thereafter he studied law at the University of South Africa (Unisa), earning a BJuris in 1975. In 1976 he moved to Pretoria to complete his articles for qualification as an attorney. He received an LLB from Unisa in 1978 and enrolled to complete an LLD at the same university. In 1979, he received a scholarship to conduct his doctoral research in Germany, where he conducted solidarity work for the African National Congress (ANC), attempting to mobilise international support for the anti-apartheid cause. He did similar work while visiting the United States the following year.

Upon his return to South Africa, Motshekga was appointed a senior lecturer at Unisa, where he worked from 1984 to 1994. In 1984, he was admitted as an advocate of the Supreme Court of South Africa. He ultimately obtained both his LLD, from Unisa, and an LLM from Harvard Law School. He also maintained his contacts inside the ANC, which in the 1980s was based in Lusaka, Zambia. When the ANC was unbanned by the apartheid government in 1990, Motshekga was appointed to the interim leadership corps of the ANC in the PWV region around Pretoria, then headed by Tokyo Sexwale.

At the time of South Africa's first post-apartheid election in 1994, Motshekga was Deputy Provincial Chairperson of the ANC branch in the country's new Gauteng province. He held that position until September 1997, when ANC Provincial Chairperson Tokyo Sexwale resigned and Motshekga was elected to succeed him. His election followed a heated succession battle with multiple rounds of voting: Motshekga defeated Amos Masondo and then, in the final round of voting, beat Frank Chikane with 343 votes to Chikane's 179.

Motshekga likewise succeeded Sexwale as Premier of Gauteng in January 1998 when Sexwale vacated that post. During his tenure, he was subject to an internal investigation by the ANC. President Thabo Mbeki asked him to resign as Premier in April 1999, shortly after Mbeki took office in a general election. Motshekga's ousting from the government office led to division inside the provincial ANC, and the Motshekga-led ANC Provincial Executive Committee was disbanded by the national party leadership in 2000, prematurely ending Motshekga's term as ANC Provincial Chairperson.