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Military School of Realengo
The Military School of Realengo (Portuguese: Escola Militar do Realengo) was the training institution for officers of the Brazilian Army from 1913 until its transfer to Resende in 1944, originating what is now the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (AMAN). There began the formation of the military elite, an important part of the Army reforms and the consolidation of the Brazilian republican State in its time. In three to five years its students, called cadets after 1931, became officer candidates and were assigned to troop corps. The formation was, since 1919, for platoon leaders; higher up in the military hierarchy, officers would pursue instruction at the Officer Advanced Training School and other institutions. The Artillery and Engineering courses were already operating in the Realengo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro since 1905, after the extinction of the Military School of Praia Vermelha (EMPV); the two other courses, Infantry and Cavalry, were centralized in those facilities in 1913. Aviation Cadets had only just begun their Realengo training, concluding it at the Military Aviation School, in Campo dos Afonsos.
Its predecessor, the EMPV, had a civilian and scientific curriculum, forming politically engaged “bachelor graduates in uniform”. Neither they nor the “tarimbeiros”, the most practical officers trained in the troop, had a modern military background. The Brazilian Army's reforms at the beginning of the 20th century sought to make teaching practical, of a technical-professional nature, and train officers who were disciplined and faithful to the hierarchy; thus, training was transferred to Realengo, a suburban neighborhood, farther from the political turmoil of the federal capital and with space for military training in the field. Students continued to come largely from the urban middle class.
The new curriculum had no theoretical teaching, only practical or theoretical-practical. However, there was a lack of resources in the first years of operation, which began to change in 1918, with the hiring of the “Indigenous Mission”, a body of instructors influenced by the military reformism of the Young Turks. The students were placed in military subunits in a Student Corps, and the four branches (Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and Engineering) had the course time equaled in three years. The students with the highest grades chose Artillery and Engineering, of a more technical nature. In 1919–1920 the building was expanded to its present size with three courtyards, but the facilities were austere. The physical labors were intense, and the discipline was rigid. Cordeiro de Farias defined this generation as the first Brazilian Army officers to receive a truly military training. Even so, students and instructors revolted in 1922, in the first episode of tenentism. The class at the end of 1919 became the core of the lieutenants' revolts, because, contrary to what the Army authorities intended, the students' environment was politicized and the insubordinate tradition of Praia Vermelha was not extinguished. Reformed teaching created a strong military identity, which considered itself superior to civilian politicians.
After 1922, the Indigenous Mission came to an end, and the French Military Mission took its place. Practical teaching was balanced with theory in the curriculum. Students were enthusiastic about the Revolution of 1930, after which command was assumed in 1931–1934 by colonel José Pessoa. He had ambitions to make the cadets a moral aristocracy. Under his command, the number of civilian applicants increased, cadet life, which had been a full-time boarding school since 1930, was regulated to the level of a total institution, while discipline was relaxed, physical reforms made the School more comfortable, symbols and rituals (historical uniforms, coat of arms, small swords and banners) that still exist today emerged and the transfer of the School to Resende was idealized. During the Communist Uprising of 1935, the School went on a campaign for the first time, supporting the constituted authorities. After 1938, the Estado Novo applied a discriminatory policy in the selection of candidates, seeking to form a homogeneous institutional elite. At the beginning of the 1940s, Realengo cadets achieved a prestige in society that did not exist at AMAN decades later. The officers trained in 1913–1944, the “Realengo generation”, had a sense of identity with the Army and its ranks, and many would have long careers of political involvement and holding public office. The generals responsible for the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état trained there in the late 1910s and 1920s, and the presidents of the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–1985) were alumni.
Since 1898 the only source of officers for the Brazilian Army was the Military School of Brazil, known in historiography as the Military School of Praia Vermelha (EMPV); the two other schools present at the end of the Brazilian Empire, in Fortaleza and Porto Alegre, were closed. There were preparatory schools for Praia Vermelha in Realengo and Rio Pardo. The EMPV was closed after it rebelled during the Vaccine Revolt of 1904. To remove new students from the political turmoil located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, teaching was dispersed to the War School in Porto Alegre, School of Application of Cavalry and Infantry, in Rio Pardo, and the Schools of Artillery and Engineering and of Application of Artillery and Engineering, in Realengo. The other schools were closed and in 1911–1913 all officer training was concentrated in Realengo. The existence of several schools far apart had required excessive expenditures, strained the administrative capacity of the Ministry of War, and prevented closer monitoring.
The curriculum at Praia Vermelha had a civilian content, favoring mathematical, physical, natural, and philosophical sciences over military practice and technique. There was no space for field combat exercises. Only the officers with less or no education lived the day-to-day life of the troops, the “tarimbeiros”. The complete training at Praia Vermelha produced “scientific” officers, “bachelors graduates in uniform”, competitors of civilian graduates for recognition in society. They were writers, bureaucrats, and politicians, but not competent campaign managers. Young officers lived under the great influence of scientism, positivism and republicanism and were engaged in politics. In 1903, Minister of War Francisco de Paula Argolo described this type of officer as “completely foreign to the true military profession, without the habit of discipline and subordination, with a pronounced tendency to argue and criticize the orders he receives, and who by all means he tries to avoid a life whose tasks he considers incompatible with his theoretical preparation and his scientific title”. Neither of the two types, experienced or "scientific", had technical and modern military training.
Since Marshal Mallet's tenure at the Ministry of War (1898–1902) there had been an effort to modernize military education, but adequate budgetary conditions only came into existence in the 1910s. The changes in education had other reforms in the Army as a context, such as the creation of a modern organic structure, the institution of compulsory military service (the Sortition Law) and the regularity of the instruction and training of troops. The Brazilian Army had performed poorly in campaigns such as Canudos (1896–1897), and there was distrust of Argentina's foreign policy. The Young Turks, junior officers who trained in the German Empire from 1906 onwards, returned to Brazil, founding the magazine A Defesa Nacional (The National Defence) and proposing broad modernizations that should begin with military instruction.
Realengo has its history closely linked to the military. The Brazilian Armed Forces had been present there since 1857, the year the Campo Grande General Shooting School was founded. The Army and, later, other military corporations acquired properties through negotiations with the City Council, expropriations and purchases from former renters. Over the decades, a corridor of military areas was formed in Vila Militar, Deodoro, Realengo and Campo dos Afonsos. The region was crossed by the Central do Brasil Railway. There was vacant land to spare; urbanization only accelerated in the 1930s.
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Military School of Realengo
The Military School of Realengo (Portuguese: Escola Militar do Realengo) was the training institution for officers of the Brazilian Army from 1913 until its transfer to Resende in 1944, originating what is now the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (AMAN). There began the formation of the military elite, an important part of the Army reforms and the consolidation of the Brazilian republican State in its time. In three to five years its students, called cadets after 1931, became officer candidates and were assigned to troop corps. The formation was, since 1919, for platoon leaders; higher up in the military hierarchy, officers would pursue instruction at the Officer Advanced Training School and other institutions. The Artillery and Engineering courses were already operating in the Realengo neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro since 1905, after the extinction of the Military School of Praia Vermelha (EMPV); the two other courses, Infantry and Cavalry, were centralized in those facilities in 1913. Aviation Cadets had only just begun their Realengo training, concluding it at the Military Aviation School, in Campo dos Afonsos.
Its predecessor, the EMPV, had a civilian and scientific curriculum, forming politically engaged “bachelor graduates in uniform”. Neither they nor the “tarimbeiros”, the most practical officers trained in the troop, had a modern military background. The Brazilian Army's reforms at the beginning of the 20th century sought to make teaching practical, of a technical-professional nature, and train officers who were disciplined and faithful to the hierarchy; thus, training was transferred to Realengo, a suburban neighborhood, farther from the political turmoil of the federal capital and with space for military training in the field. Students continued to come largely from the urban middle class.
The new curriculum had no theoretical teaching, only practical or theoretical-practical. However, there was a lack of resources in the first years of operation, which began to change in 1918, with the hiring of the “Indigenous Mission”, a body of instructors influenced by the military reformism of the Young Turks. The students were placed in military subunits in a Student Corps, and the four branches (Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery and Engineering) had the course time equaled in three years. The students with the highest grades chose Artillery and Engineering, of a more technical nature. In 1919–1920 the building was expanded to its present size with three courtyards, but the facilities were austere. The physical labors were intense, and the discipline was rigid. Cordeiro de Farias defined this generation as the first Brazilian Army officers to receive a truly military training. Even so, students and instructors revolted in 1922, in the first episode of tenentism. The class at the end of 1919 became the core of the lieutenants' revolts, because, contrary to what the Army authorities intended, the students' environment was politicized and the insubordinate tradition of Praia Vermelha was not extinguished. Reformed teaching created a strong military identity, which considered itself superior to civilian politicians.
After 1922, the Indigenous Mission came to an end, and the French Military Mission took its place. Practical teaching was balanced with theory in the curriculum. Students were enthusiastic about the Revolution of 1930, after which command was assumed in 1931–1934 by colonel José Pessoa. He had ambitions to make the cadets a moral aristocracy. Under his command, the number of civilian applicants increased, cadet life, which had been a full-time boarding school since 1930, was regulated to the level of a total institution, while discipline was relaxed, physical reforms made the School more comfortable, symbols and rituals (historical uniforms, coat of arms, small swords and banners) that still exist today emerged and the transfer of the School to Resende was idealized. During the Communist Uprising of 1935, the School went on a campaign for the first time, supporting the constituted authorities. After 1938, the Estado Novo applied a discriminatory policy in the selection of candidates, seeking to form a homogeneous institutional elite. At the beginning of the 1940s, Realengo cadets achieved a prestige in society that did not exist at AMAN decades later. The officers trained in 1913–1944, the “Realengo generation”, had a sense of identity with the Army and its ranks, and many would have long careers of political involvement and holding public office. The generals responsible for the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état trained there in the late 1910s and 1920s, and the presidents of the Brazilian military dictatorship (1964–1985) were alumni.
Since 1898 the only source of officers for the Brazilian Army was the Military School of Brazil, known in historiography as the Military School of Praia Vermelha (EMPV); the two other schools present at the end of the Brazilian Empire, in Fortaleza and Porto Alegre, were closed. There were preparatory schools for Praia Vermelha in Realengo and Rio Pardo. The EMPV was closed after it rebelled during the Vaccine Revolt of 1904. To remove new students from the political turmoil located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, teaching was dispersed to the War School in Porto Alegre, School of Application of Cavalry and Infantry, in Rio Pardo, and the Schools of Artillery and Engineering and of Application of Artillery and Engineering, in Realengo. The other schools were closed and in 1911–1913 all officer training was concentrated in Realengo. The existence of several schools far apart had required excessive expenditures, strained the administrative capacity of the Ministry of War, and prevented closer monitoring.
The curriculum at Praia Vermelha had a civilian content, favoring mathematical, physical, natural, and philosophical sciences over military practice and technique. There was no space for field combat exercises. Only the officers with less or no education lived the day-to-day life of the troops, the “tarimbeiros”. The complete training at Praia Vermelha produced “scientific” officers, “bachelors graduates in uniform”, competitors of civilian graduates for recognition in society. They were writers, bureaucrats, and politicians, but not competent campaign managers. Young officers lived under the great influence of scientism, positivism and republicanism and were engaged in politics. In 1903, Minister of War Francisco de Paula Argolo described this type of officer as “completely foreign to the true military profession, without the habit of discipline and subordination, with a pronounced tendency to argue and criticize the orders he receives, and who by all means he tries to avoid a life whose tasks he considers incompatible with his theoretical preparation and his scientific title”. Neither of the two types, experienced or "scientific", had technical and modern military training.
Since Marshal Mallet's tenure at the Ministry of War (1898–1902) there had been an effort to modernize military education, but adequate budgetary conditions only came into existence in the 1910s. The changes in education had other reforms in the Army as a context, such as the creation of a modern organic structure, the institution of compulsory military service (the Sortition Law) and the regularity of the instruction and training of troops. The Brazilian Army had performed poorly in campaigns such as Canudos (1896–1897), and there was distrust of Argentina's foreign policy. The Young Turks, junior officers who trained in the German Empire from 1906 onwards, returned to Brazil, founding the magazine A Defesa Nacional (The National Defence) and proposing broad modernizations that should begin with military instruction.
Realengo has its history closely linked to the military. The Brazilian Armed Forces had been present there since 1857, the year the Campo Grande General Shooting School was founded. The Army and, later, other military corporations acquired properties through negotiations with the City Council, expropriations and purchases from former renters. Over the decades, a corridor of military areas was formed in Vila Militar, Deodoro, Realengo and Campo dos Afonsos. The region was crossed by the Central do Brasil Railway. There was vacant land to spare; urbanization only accelerated in the 1930s.
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