Community hub
0 subscribers7 pages, 0 posts
Recent from talks
All channels
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Contribute something
Welcome to the community hub built to collect knowledge and have discussions related to Mocatta.
Nothing was collected or created yet.
Mocatta
View on Wikipediafrom Wikipedia
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (October 2011) |
Mocatta (also de Mattos Mocatta, Lumbroso de Mattos Mocatta and Lumbrozo de Mattos Mocatta) is a surname.
The Mocatta family is a Anglo-Jewish family that traces its ancestry to the Sephardic Jewish communities of Spain and Portugal prior to the Inquisition. The family's forebears initially sought refuge in Amsterdam and Venice, before immigrating to England in the 1650s. They were among the first twelve Jewish families admitted by Cromwell.[1] In London in 1671, Moses Mocatta established the firm that became Mocatta & Goldsmid; for 300 years it was the world’s leading bullion broker. Although the family sold their stake in the company in the late twentieth century and exited the bullion business, the family continues its tradition of business and charity.[2]
The family became known for philanthropy, leadership and sponsorship of arts and letters, particularly in the United Kingdom.[3] Long involved in finance and the law, they are considered to be one of the principal families in the "cousinhood" of senior Anglo-Jewish families,[4] the de facto Anglo-Jewish aristocracy.[5]
The Mocatta firm
[edit]In 1671, Moses Mocatta established a business in London that became Mocatta & Goldsmid. This was the foundation of the modern gold and silver market.[6] The Mocatta business was the world's leading bullion broker through the 18th century, and first traded with India in 1676 and with China in the 1720s.[7] Licensed at the Royal Exchange from 1710, for more than a century, the family firm acted as exclusive bullion brokers to the Bank of England. In 1810, the Mocatta firm's managing partner appeared before Parliament's Select Committee on the High Price of Gold Bullion, when asked: 'Are there any other dealers in gold but yours', he replied, 'I apprehend none of considerable amount.'[8]
Mocatta was later involved in market stabilisations. Edgar Mocatta had a notable role in ending the Indian silver crisis of 1913.[9] In the late 20th century, the Mocatta firm was closely involved in providing liquidity and stability following the Hunt silver corner of 1980.[10] In association with NM Rothschild, in 1897 and 1919 respectively, Mocatta & Goldsmid established the price discovery mechanisms for silver and gold used into the 21st century.[11] Between 1671 and the 1970s, the Mocatta firm was headed by just seven men.[12]
Involvement in charitable and Jewish institutions
[edit]The family was involved in the establishment of Bevis Marks, the UK's oldest synagogue (1701), the Board of Deputies of British Jews (1760), and the West London Synagogue (1840). The family were active in the struggle for Jewish parliamentary emancipation.[13]
Ten members of the family have served as Chairman or President of the West London Synagogue of British Jews. Moses Mocatta served as President of the Board of Deputies, and family members have participated in communal leadership positions such as the Board of Shechita,[14] Chairman of Jews’ College,[15] and Elders of Bevis Marks. The family also participated in the Oxford and St George's Club (Bernhard Baron St George's Jewish Settlement)[16] and other such initiatives for the relief of the poor.
The family led the Jewish community's efforts for the relief of famine in Ireland in the mid-19th century.[17]
The family were leaders in the protest at the persecution of Jews in Romania and Bessarabia.[18]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the family were leaders in the Board of Guardians and Trustees for the Relief of the Jewish Poor.[19][20]
Three members of the Mocatta family served as Honorary Life Governors of the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, Moorfields.[21]
David Mocatta donated funding for major parts of the building of the Royal Marsden, the first hospital in the world dedicated to the study and treatment of cancer.[22]
Frederic Mocatta was a founder of the Industrial Dwellings Society, which provided the London poor with adequate housing. Today it provides low-income key workers with low-cost housing.[23]
Notable members
[edit]The family features prominently in the Anglo-Jewish "Cousinhood", the aristocracy of related, socially-prominent Jewish families that includes the Rothschilds, the Goldsmids, the Montagus, the Montefiores and the Samuels.[4] Prominent people with the surname Mocatta include:
- Isaac Mocatta, a doctor in Leghorn who in 1638 married Rachel,[24] daughter of Moses Cordovero.
- Isaac Mocatta (1765-1801), of whom Walter Savage Landor wrote, '...In the number of my acquaintance, there is none more valuable, there is not one more lively, more inquiring, more regular; there is not one more virtuous, more beneficent, more liberal, more tender in heart or more true in friendship, than my friend Mocatta – he is also a Jew.'[25]
- David Mocatta (1806–1882), a British architect, the first Jewish member of a profession in Great Britain.[26] Architect of Brighton Station.[27]
- Frederic David Mocatta (1828–1905), 'Perhaps the most popular man in the Jewish community. He holds several offices but they are no measure of the deep and extensive interest he takes in the welfare of the community as a whole. His generosity and amiability are almost proverbial; and he is personally as well known to the poor of the East End and to many of the Communities of Eastern Europe as he is in the society of Hyde Park, where he resides, or at the health resorts of the Riviera, where he passes the winter. He has travelled much, speaks almost every European language, has a smattering of Oriental tongues, and strong literary, and artistic tastes.'[28] A prominent philanthropist, bibliophile, patron of the arts, and bullion broker. Mocatta retired from his active role at Mocatta & Goldsmid in 1874 and dedicated the second part of his life to public work, particularly working for better housing for the working classes.[29] He is noted for his successful work to implement corporate governance and accountability in charities (Chairman, Charity Voting Reform Association). President, Home for Aged Jews, promoter and sponsor of poverty relief and education.[30] Mocatta served as Chairman of the 1882 Mansion House Fund on Behalf of Russian Jewry.[13] On his seventieth birthday, he was presented with a book containing signatures of the Empress Frederick and of 8,000 other representatives of 250 public bodies to which Mocatta had given his support. Author of The Jews of Spain and Portugal and The Inquisition (1877).[31] Mocatta was the patron of his nephew, the Sinologist and translator, Arthur Waley.[32] After his death, a fountain was erected in his memory, funded by public subscription, "in grateful memory." The fountain stands prominently outside Aldgate East Station.[33]
- Mary Ada Mocatta (1836–1905), wife of Frederic David Mocatta, William Holman Hunt's model for the Virgin Mary.[34] Described by Hunt's biographer as, 'Distinguished alike for her amiability and beauty.'[35]
- Dr. (Annie) Mildred Mocatta (1887–1984), a medical doctor and art collector in South Australia.[36]
- Sir Alan Abraham Mocatta, OBE QC (1907–1990), an English judge and leader of the Spanish & Portuguese Jewish Community of London, President of the Restrictive Practices Court, Chairman of the Mocatta Committee on Cheque Endorsement,[37] joint editor of Scrutton on Charter Parties (14th–17th editions)[38]
- William Hugh Mocatta (1861–1959), a Judge of the District Court of NSW.
- Rachel Mocatta, mother of Sir Moses Montefiore[39]
- Laura Mocatta, wife of Sir Elly Kadoorie, mother of Lord Kadoorie and Sir Horace Kadoorie. Lived in Hong Kong and Shanghai 1898-1918. The first woman to drive a car in China.[40]
- Edgar Mocatta (1879–1957), known as the "Silver King," he dominated the silver market during his partnership in Mocatta & Goldsmid (1900–1957).[13]
- Moses Mocatta (1768–1857), bullion broker and scholar of Hebrew language and literature.[41]
- Jacob Mocatta (1821–1877), essayist and, 'An eminent merchant... well-known for his benevolence and untiring exertions for the amelioration of the Jewish poor of the metropolis.'[42]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Hyamson, Albert M (1991). The Sephardim of England: a history of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community, 1492-1951. London: Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation. OCLC 32588859.
- ^ British Academy; Oxford University Press (2004). Oxford dictionary of national biography. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. OCLC 56568095.
- ^ Royal Blue Book: Fashionable Directory and Parliamentary Guide. 1900. pp. 231, 1093.
- ^ a b Bermant, Chaim (1971). The Cousinhood: The Anglo-Jewish Gentry. Eyre and Spottiswoode. ISBN 978-0-413-27330-7.
- ^ Jewish Currents: "Descendants of Jacob Lumbrozzo de Mattos" by Tony Harding Spring 2010
- ^ "1. Introduction". LBMA. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Green, Timothy; Mocatta and Goldsmid (1984). Precious heritage: three hundred years of Mocatta & Goldsmid. London: Rosendale Press. ISBN 978-0-9509182-0-4. OCLC 24763100.
- ^ Report, together with minutes of evidence and accounts, on the high price of gold bullion : Ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed, 8 June 1810. London: House of Commons. 1810.
- ^ Sunderland, David (2013). Financing the Raj: The City of London and Colonial India, 1858-1940. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-795-4.
- ^ Silber, William L. (12 January 2021). The Story of Silver: How the White Metal Shaped America and the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-20869-5.
- ^ "How London's gold and silver prices are 'fixed'". Reuters. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Jarecki, Henry (15 May 2021). An Alchemist's Way: How to Make Luck Look Like Skill. Falconwood Corporation. ISBN 978-0-578-87051-9.
- ^ a b c Rubinstein, W.; Jolles, Michael A. (27 January 2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-30466-6.
- ^ England), Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation (London (1865). Laws and regulations of Maʻasim tovim, Mahasim Tobim: for assisting the industrious and poor of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation : instituted 5509-1749, revised 5625-1865. Waterlow and Sons.
- ^ "Turmoil at Jews' College". Commentary Magazine. 1 April 1962. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Bernhard Baron St. George's Jewish Settlement (1964). Fiftieth anniversary review, 1914-1964. London. OCLC 4442281.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ bloomsbury.com. "Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland". Bloomsbury. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ The Jews of Roumania. Report of Public Meeting Held at the Mansion House ... May 30, 1872. Printed and published for the "Roumanian Committee" by A. Meyers, Office of "Jewish Chronicle". 1872.
- ^ Report of the Board of Guardians and Trustees for the Relief of the Jewish Poor. 1886. p. 92.
- ^ Annual Report, Jewish Board of Guardians. London. 1918. pp. 86, 93, 101.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital: Report for the Year 1885. London: M. S. Rickerby. 1885. pp. 69, 70.
- ^ "Our history | TRM Trust and Private Care". www.royalmarsden.nhs.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ "Mocatta House". IDS. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Wolf, Lucien (1934). Essays in Jewish History. Jewish Historical Society of England. p. 21.
- ^ FORSTER (Barrister-at-Law, of the Inner Temple), John (1869). Walter Savage Landor. A biography ... in eight books. Fields, Osgood&Company. p. 84.
- ^ Jamilly, Edward (1953). "Anglo-Jewish Architects, and Architecture in the 18th and 19th Centuries". Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England). 18: 127–141. ISSN 2047-2331. JSTOR 29777926.
- ^ Jenkins, Simon (4 March 2021). Britain's 100 Best Railway Stations. Penguin Books, Limited. ISBN 978-0-241-97900-6.
- ^ ""Frederick D. Mocatta" (1889) from "The Graphic"". victorianweb.org. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ "Frederic David Mocatta | British philanthropist and historian | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ "MOCATTA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Mocatta, Frederic David (1877). The Jews of Spain and Portugal and the Inquisition. Longmans, Green, and Company.
- ^ Laurence, Patricia (2 January 2013). Lily Briscoe's Chinese Eyes. Univ of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781611171761.
- ^ Limited, Alamy. "Frederic David Mocatta public drinking fountain (1906) set in the railings of the church of St Botolph Without Aldgate recently restored Stock Photo - Alamy". www.alamy.com. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ Tobin, Thomas J. (1 January 2006). Worldwide Pre-Raphaelitism. State University of New York Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-7914-8422-7.
- ^ Stephens, Frederic George (2010). William Holman Hunt and his works : a memoir of the artist's life, with description of his pictures ([Reproduction en fac-similé] ed.). a[Whitefish (Mont.)]: Kessinger. ISBN 978-1-120-97346-7. OCLC 690473131.
- ^ Jones, Helen, "Mocatta, Annie Mildred (1887–1984)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 4 September 2022
- ^ Report of Mocatta Committee on Cheque Endorsement. 1956.
- ^ "Formats and Editions of Scrutton on Charterparties and bills of lading. [WorldCat.org]". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ^ Green, Abigail (7 May 2012). Moses Montefiore. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05644-2.
- ^ Kaufman, Jonathan (June 2021). Kings of Shanghai. Little, Brown Book Group Limited. ISBN 9780349142982.
- ^ "MOCATTA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
- ^ Abarbanel, Henry (1888). English School and Family Reader: Containing Selections in Prose and Verse ... on Judaism ... Bloch pub. and print. Company. p. 316.
Mocatta
View on Grokipediafrom Grokipedia
Family Origins
Sephardic Ancestry and Early History
The Mocatta family traces its Sephardic roots to Jewish communities in medieval Spain, where ancestors bore the surname Lumbrozo (or variants such as Lumbroso de Mattos). Expelled during the Alhambra Decree of 1492, which forced approximately 200,000 Jews to leave Spain under threat of death or conversion, one branch of the family relocated to Portugal, where Jews initially found temporary refuge under King John II. Portugal's tolerance ended with the establishment of the Inquisition in 1536, prompting forced conversions and crypto-Judaism (Marrano practices) among survivors; the Lumbrozo Mocattas fled northward to Amsterdam, a haven for Iberian Sephardim under Dutch tolerance following the 1580 independence from Spain. [1] In Amsterdam, the family maintained Marrano traditions while openly resuming Jewish observance, engaging in trade networks linking Portugal, Spain, and the Low Countries.[1] By the mid-17th century, following Oliver Cromwell's informal readmission of Jews to England in 1656 after nearly four centuries of expulsion, Moses Mocatta—a merchant and diamond broker of Marrano descent—migrated from Amsterdam to London around 1670.[1] [2] He is recorded in the inaugural membership list of the Bevis Marks Synagogue in 1671, marking the family's establishment among England's nascent Sephardic community of roughly 200-300 Portuguese-origin Jews centered in London.[1] Moses died in 1693, leaving descendants who intermarried with other Sephardic lines, such as the Montefiores and Lindos, solidifying their position in Anglo-Jewish society.[1] [2] The original Lumbrozo designation persisted until 1790, when Abraham Lumbrozo de Mattos Mocatta petitioned George III for formal adoption of "Mocatta," reflecting anglicization amid growing prosperity.Settlement in England and Initial Activities
Moses Mocatta, the progenitor of the family's English branch, arrived in London from Amsterdam in the late 1660s or early 1670s, during the period following Oliver Cromwell's informal readmission of Jews to England in 1656.[1][4] He appears in the records of the Bevis Marks synagogue, London's emerging Sephardic center, as early as 1671, marking the family's integration into the nascent Jewish community.[1][4] Upon settlement, Mocatta engaged primarily as a diamond broker and general merchant, capitalizing on trade networks established by Sephardic exiles in Amsterdam and Portugal.[1][4] By 1677, he was listed in London's inaugural street directory as a merchant operating from Camomile Street near the Royal Exchange, a hub for commodity trading.[5] His initial ventures involved substantial transactions in precious metals and gems; in 1671, he opened an account with merchant Edward Blackwell, expending approximately £1,452 on gold, silver, and diamonds—equivalent to roughly £40,000 in modern terms.[5] Mocatta regularly participated in East India Company diamond auctions, exporting London-sourced silver (which was cheaper than in Amsterdam) and gold to India in exchange for rough diamonds, thereby laying groundwork for the family's expertise in bullion and gem trade.[5] These activities reflected the broader economic role of early Sephardic settlers, who leveraged maritime and mercantile connections to facilitate England's growing involvement in global commodity flows, though formal bullion broking developed later under Mocatta's successors.[1] Following Moses Mocatta's death in 1693, his son Abraham expanded into general merchandise such as pepper while maintaining the focus on metals, securing a Licensed Broker's Medal in 1710 and becoming a major silver dealer.[5][4]The Mocatta Firm
Founding by Moses Mocatta in 1671
Moses Mocatta, a Sephardic Jew who had relocated from Amsterdam to London by 1670, established a brokerage firm specializing in gold, silver, and diamonds in Camomile Street in the City of London in 1671.[3][1] This enterprise laid the groundwork for what evolved into Mocatta & Goldsmid, recognized as the oldest continuous member of the London Bullion Market.[6] Mocatta's activities as a merchant and broker capitalized on London's position as a hub for international trade in precious metals, amid the era's expansion of colonial commerce.[7] In establishing the firm, Mocatta opened a trading account with the London merchant Edward Blackwell, through which he executed purchases totaling £1,452 19s 3d in gold, silver, and diamonds—equivalent to roughly £40,000 in contemporary value—demonstrating immediate scale and focus on bullion dealings.[5] His integration into the local Jewish community was evident from his appearance on the 1671 membership list of the Bevis Marks synagogue, reflecting the Sephardic networks that supported early financial ventures in England following the informal readmission of Jews under Oliver Cromwell.[1] The founding aligned with nascent partnerships in global bullion flows, including arrangements with the East India Company for shipping gold to markets like India by 1676, underscoring Mocatta's role in pioneering structured precious metals brokerage.[7][8] This initial setup in Camomile Street positioned the business to thrive amid 17th-century mercantile growth, before relocating to Mansell Street in 1677 as operations expanded.[3]Formation of Mocatta & Goldsmid Partnership
Abraham de Mattos Mocatta assumed leadership of the family bullion-broking firm following the death of his father, Moses de Mattos Mocatta, in 1758, becoming the senior partner and guiding its operations until 1800.[5] In 1760, he formed a partnership with Alexander Isaks Keyser, conducting business from Grigsby's Coffee House in London, which facilitated dealings in gold and silver for institutional clients including the Bank of England.[5] A pivotal expansion occurred in 1774 when the partnership acquired 550,000 ounces of gold—equivalent to approximately 17.1 metric tons—for the Bank of England's account amid a guinea recoinage effort; at this juncture, Asher Goldsmid, a financier born circa 1742 who had relocated from Hamburg, entered the firm through his marriage to Keyser's daughter, integrating Goldsmid family capital and expertise.[5] Upon Keyser's death in 1779, the firm restructured as Mocatta & Goldsmid, with Asher Goldsmid emerging as a central figure, bolstered by his brothers Abraham and Benjamin Goldsmid, prominent London financiers whose involvement enhanced the firm's liquidity and market reach in bullion trading.[5][9] This alliance formalized the Mocatta-Goldsmid partnership, leveraging familial ties and shared Sephardic Jewish networks to solidify the firm's role as brokers to the Bank of England and the East India Company, as evidenced by its listing as "Mocatta & Goldsmid (Brokers)" at Grigsby's Coffee House in the 1783 Lowndes London Directory.[10] The partnership's formation reflected pragmatic business consolidation in a competitive market dominated by family-controlled enterprises, enabling sustained dominance in London's emerging bullion sector without reliance on broader stock exchange activities.[5] By Abraham de Mattos Mocatta's death in 1800, Asher Goldsmid and his sons, including Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, had assumed primary control, perpetuating the dual-family structure for generations.[5][9]Key Operational Milestones
In 1731, the Mocatta firm was appointed official broker in gold and silver to the Bank of England, securing a pivotal role in channeling bullion to the institution and establishing its dominance in London's emerging market.[10] This appointment built on earlier activities, including shipments of gold to India via the East India Company starting in 1676, which facilitated trade for diamonds and laid groundwork for global operations.[6] By 1774, the firm executed a landmark purchase of 550,000 troy ounces of gold—equivalent to three-quarters of annual world production—for the Bank's account, demonstrating its capacity for large-scale transactions amid rising demand for coinage and reserves.[5] Following the formalization of the Mocatta & Goldsmid partnership in 1779, the firm maintained its exclusive brokerage for the Bank of England into the early 19th century, handling procurements such as £7.3 million in gold bars in 1821, which yielded a £9,000 commission and supported the resumption of gold payments.[5] In 1817, it supplied gold for the introduction of the gold sovereign, aiding Britain's metallic currency standard.[5] The California Gold Rush of 1848 tripled global output, doubling the firm's earnings and prompting a relocation to 12 Kings Arms Yard to accommodate expanded refining and trading volumes.[5] However, 1840 marked the end of its monopoly as sole Bank broker, with responsibilities shared among multiple dealers to foster competition.[5] The partnership participated in the inaugural London silver fixing in 1897 at Sharps & Wilkins' office, alongside Pixley & Abell and Samuel Montagu, standardizing pricing mechanisms that influenced global bullion benchmarks.[11] Operations continued to evolve, with the firm adapting to post-World War II market reopenings, including London's gold market relaunch in 1954, where it played a brokering role amid fixed-price regimes.[12] By 1957, acquisition by Hambros Bank restructured it as M&G Ltd., transitioning family control while preserving its bullion expertise.[5]Role in Bullion Trade and Economic Impact
Bullion Brokering for the Bank of England
The Mocatta firm, under Abraham Mocatta, secured a Licensed Broker’s Medal at the Royal Exchange in 1710, establishing it as a key player in London's bullion market and a stockholder in the Bank of England, where it became the foremost silver broker.[5] In the 1720s, amid an influx of Portuguese gold to London, the Bank of England appointed Abraham Mocatta as its broker for foreign gold transactions, opening a dedicated account for such dealings.[5] From 1758 to 1800, during Abraham de Mattos Mocatta's tenure as senior partner, the firm served as the Bank of England's exclusive bullion brokers, receiving an annual commission of £150 without charging standard brokerage fees on transactions.[5] This exclusivity continued into the early 19th century, with Mocatta & Goldsmid recognized as the sole brokers at the Bank's Bullion Office through 1840; notable activities included Isaac Lyon Goldsmid's procurement of gold for the introduction of the gold sovereign in 1817.[5] In 1821, the firm purchased £7.3 million worth of gold bars on behalf of the Bank, earning a £9,000 commission.[5] The firm's role as exclusive brokers spanned over a century from 1710, facilitating the Bank's gold and silver operations amid London's emergence as a global bullion hub.[8] Exclusivity ended around 1840 following the retirement of the Goldsmid brothers, after which Abraham Mocatta and F.D. Mocatta assumed leadership, though the firm retained significant influence in bullion dealings.[5]Global Trade Expansion and Market Influence
The Mocatta firm expanded its operations globally in the late 17th century through a strategic partnership with the East India Company, shipping gold and silver to India as early as 1676 to facilitate diamond imports.[8][5] This collaboration, rooted in Moses Mocatta's arrangement for bullion transport on Company vessels, capitalized on the 1697 Brazilian gold rush, directing inflows to London and establishing the city as an emerging hub for international precious metals trade.[7] By the 1720s, the firm extended its reach to China, handling Portuguese gold shipments for the Bank of England and solidifying its position as a conduit for Asian and European bullion flows.[8][5] In the 18th and 19th centuries, Mocatta & Goldsmid's trade volumes underscored its global scale, with Abraham Mocatta purchasing 1.1 million ounces of silver in 1717—equivalent to approximately 10% of annual world output—and the partnership acquiring 550,000 ounces of gold in 1774, representing about 75% of that year's global production.[5] Expansion into the Americas followed, incorporating 2.5 million Spanish dollars from prize ships in the early 1800s, while the 1848 California Gold Rush prompted a relocation to better accommodate surging inflows, doubling the firm's earnings from Bank of England commissions.[5] These operations, licensed at the Royal Exchange from 1710, integrated diverse sources including Australian and South African gold rushes, enhancing London's role as a central clearing point for worldwide bullion.[8][7] The firm's market influence manifested in its exclusive bullion brokering for the Bank of England from 1758 to 1800, providing stability through large-scale transactions and later contributing to global price discovery via the inaugural London gold fixing on September 12, 1919.[8][5] Mocatta & Goldsmid resolved the 1913 Indian silver crisis by supplying liquidity and played a pivotal role in post-1980 market recovery following the Hunt brothers' silver corner attempt, underscoring its enduring capacity to mitigate international disruptions in precious metals trading.[8] As the world's preeminent bullion broker through the 18th century, the firm laid foundational mechanisms for the modern London market, fostering efficient global arbitrage and volume handling that outpaced rivals like Amsterdam.[5]Involvement in Market Stabilizations and Policy
Mocatta & Goldsmid served as exclusive bullion brokers to the Bank of England until 1840, thereafter sharing responsibilities for channeling gold from suppliers to the Bank's reserves, which supported the institution's monetary policy objectives under the gold standard by ensuring steady inflows and market liquidity.[13] This operational role extended to executing large-scale gold purchases and sales that stabilized exchange rates and prevented disruptions in international settlements, particularly during periods of high demand from colonial sources.[14] By the early 20th century, the firm participated in the daily London Gold Fixing alongside other members, a mechanism that set benchmark prices to mitigate volatility in the over-the-counter bullion market.[15] In 1913, amid a run on the Indian Specie Bank triggered by speculative silver purchases exceeding 10 million ounces, Mocatta & Goldsmid intervened by acquiring the bank's distressed silver holdings and facilitating its rescue, thereby averting a broader collapse in the silver market linked to India's rupee standard. The crisis stemmed from the bank's overextension via loans from the Bank of Bombay, but Mocatta's absorption of the positions restored liquidity and prevented contagion to London bullion trading.[16] During the 1980 silver market crisis, Mocatta Metals, under chairman Henry Jarecki, provided critical liquidity after the Hunt brothers' attempt to corner the market drove prices above $50 per ounce before a sharp reversal on March 27. The firm unwound loans collateralized by over 200 million ounces of Hunt-held silver, returning physical metal to the market and reducing short positions that had amplified volatility, in coordination with exchanges imposing position limits on January 7, 1980.[17] This intervention, building on Mocatta's historical short-selling expertise, helped normalize trading volumes and prices, which fell below $11 per ounce by year's end.[18] The firm's proximity to central bank operations influenced indirect policy inputs, such as advising on bullion flows during post-World War II dollar-gold convertibility strains, though primary execution remained with the Bank of England.[19] No evidence indicates direct policymaking authority, but Mocatta's monopoly-like brokering until the mid-19th century allowed leverage in negotiating terms for official gold dealings.[20]Philanthropy and Jewish Community Leadership
Charitable Foundations and Donations
Frederic David Mocatta (1828–1905), a prominent descendant of the founding Moses Mocatta, directed much of his wealth toward charitable causes after retiring from the family firm in 1874. He served as vice-president of the Charity Organisation Society from 1869 and chaired the Charity Voting Reform Association from 1901, advocating for improved charity administration and housing for the poor in London. Mocatta supported numerous hospitals and nursing initiatives, extending aid beyond Jewish communities to Christians, as he stated his approach acknowledged neither religion nor nationality in charity. Within Jewish philanthropy, Mocatta chaired the Board of Guardians for the Relief of the Jewish Poor, established in 1859, and reorganized a Jewish workhouse in 1871 into the Home for Aged Jews by 1897, where he later served as president. He contributed to the founding of the Jews' Deaf and Dumb Home in 1865 and participated in international relief efforts, including the Roumanian Committee from 1872 and the Mansion House Fund for Russian Jews in 1882. Earlier, his ancestor Moses Mocatta (1768–1857) focused on educational reforms, reorganizing Sephardi schools such as Sha'arei Tikvah to enhance Jewish learning.[1] Mocatta funded scholarly publications to advance Jewish literature and history, including editions of Zunz's works in 1850 and 1855, Graetz's History of the Jews in 1891, and Berhner's Juden in Rom in 1893. He presided over the Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition in 1887, which led to the formation of the Jewish Historical Society of England, where he became president in 1900. In his will, Mocatta bequeathed his extensive Mocatta Library—comprising rare Judaica such as a 16th-century Italian Mahzor and a medieval Haggadah—to University College London in 1906, forming the core of its Jewish Studies collection, now exceeding 500,000 items and supporting Hebrew and Jewish research.[21][1]Leadership in Synagogues and Institutions
Members of the Mocatta family held prominent leadership positions in British Jewish synagogues and institutions, reflecting their Sephardic heritage and commitment to communal governance. Moses Mocatta (d. 1838), an early family patriarch, served as President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, the primary representative body for Anglo-Jewry established in 1760.[1] Family members also contributed to the Board of Shechita, overseeing ritual slaughter standards, underscoring their influence in religious observance bodies.[1] The Mocattas were instrumental in the founding of the West London Synagogue of British Jews in 1842, the United Kingdom's first Reform congregation, with nine of the 24 initial founders drawn from the family, including Moses Mocatta and his nephew Abraham Mocatta (d. 1911).[1] This involvement marked a pivotal shift toward Reform Judaism among established Sephardic families seeking liturgical and structural innovations. Abraham Mocatta's son, Frederic David Mocatta (1828–1905), advanced to Chairman of the Synagogue's Council and subsequently its President, guiding its development amid tensions with Orthodox traditions; despite his Reform affiliation, he underwent his bar mitzvah at the Orthodox Bevis Marks Synagogue and sustained ties to Sephardic institutions.[22] In the 20th century, Sir Alan Abraham Mocatta (1907–1990) exemplified continued family engagement with Sephardic bodies, serving as Vice-President of the Board of Elders of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation and later as its President.[23] He also chaired the Council of Jews' College, a key rabbinical and educational institution, from 1945 to 1961, supporting scholarly training during post-war reconstruction.[23] Ten Mocatta family members overall have held the roles of Chairman or President at the West London Synagogue, highlighting sustained dynastic involvement in Reform leadership.[1] These roles, often spanning generations, integrated the family's financial prominence with religious and institutional stewardship, though Reform initiatives occasionally drew criticism from Orthodox sectors for deviating from traditional practices.[1]Notable Family Members
Business and Financial Leaders
Moses Mocatta (died 1693) established the family's bullion and diamond brokerage in London in 1671, importing gold and silver while exporting to India for diamonds, laying the foundation for the modern precious metals market.[5] His enterprise, initially focused on merchant trading, secured an account balance of £1,452 19s 3d by that year and positioned the family as early players in global bullion flows.[5] Abraham Mocatta (died 1751), succeeding his relative, assumed leadership post-1693 and obtained the Licensed Broker’s Medal from the Royal Exchange in 1710, enabling exclusive dealings in bullion.[5] He became the Bank of England's primary silver broker, executing major transactions such as purchasing 1.1 million ounces of silver in 1717 and serving as broker for foreign gold coinage in the 1720s.[5] Abraham co-founded the Mocatta & Goldsmid partnership around 1779 with Asher Goldsmid, transforming it into the Bank's designated bullion brokers.[1] Abraham de Mattos Mocatta (died 1800) entered the partnership in 1754 and emerged as senior partner by 1758, maintaining the firm's status as the Bank of England's exclusive bullion broker.[5] Under his oversight, the firm handled significant gold acquisitions, including 550,000 ounces in 1774 alongside partner Alexander Isaks Keyser, reinforcing its role in stabilizing national reserves during economic pressures.[5] Frederick David Mocatta (1828–1905) directed Mocatta & Goldsmid as partner from 1857 to 1874, overseeing operations as bullion brokers to the Bank of England during a period of expanding international trade.[24] His leadership ensured the firm's continuity in handling sovereign gold and silver flows amid Victorian-era market growth.[2] Edgar Mocatta (1879–1957) led Mocatta & Goldsmid from 1900 until its sale to Hambros Bank in 1957, earning the moniker "silver king" for his mastery of silver markets and currency dealings.[1] Joining at age 21, he played a pivotal role in resolving the 1913 Indian silver crisis through strategic brokering, sustaining the firm's dominance in global precious metals for over five decades.[5]Philanthropists and Intellectuals
Frederick David Mocatta (1828–1905), a key intellectual and philanthropist in the family, retired from the Mocatta & Goldsmid bullion firm in 1874 to focus on charitable and scholarly endeavors. He supported housing improvements for workers, donated to nearly every hospital in London, and concentrated efforts on welfare in London's Jewish East End, including poverty relief and education initiatives.[25][26] As a historian and bibliophile, Mocatta amassed an extensive private library of Judaica, which he donated to University College London in 1901, establishing the Mocatta Library as a major resource for Jewish studies. He subsidized the publication of significant historical works, such as The Jews of Spain and Portugal and the Inquisition (1877), promoting research into Sephardic history and the Inquisition's impacts. His patronage extended to the Jewish Historical Society of England, founded in 1893, where he contributed as a scholar and supporter of archival and educational projects.[27][28] Earlier family members also embodied intellectual pursuits alongside philanthropy; Moses Mocatta (d. 1838), a bullion dealer and uncle to later generations, retired early to engage in scholarly studies and communal giving, influencing the family's tradition of blending commerce with learning.[29]Architects, Judges, and Other Professionals
David Alfred Mocatta (1806–1882), son of the bullion dealer Moses Mocatta, pursued architecture after training under Sir John Soane from 1821 to 1827 and traveling in Europe.[29][2] Elected a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1837, he became one of the first Jews to enter the profession professionally in Britain and served as its vice-president later in life.[29] His early independent commission was the Ramsgate Synagogue in 1831, built for his cousin Sir Moses Montefiore, marking an early example of Jewish architectural design in England.[29] From 1839, as architect to the London and Brighton Railway, Mocatta designed Brighton Station, contributions to London Bridge Station, thirteen intermediate stations along the line (with only Brighton surviving intact), and collaborated on the Ouse Valley Viaduct.[29] Sir Alan Abraham Mocatta (1907–1990), born into the London Sephardic Mocatta lineage of bullion brokers, practiced as a barrister before his judicial appointment.[23] Appointed to the High Court of Justice (Queen's Bench Division) in 1961, he served until 1981 as one of the longest-tenured Commercial Court judges, alongside Sidney Rowlatt, and specialized in restrictive practices law as president of the Restrictive Practices Court from 1970.[23] Notable rulings include The Suisse Atlantique (1965) on charterparty contracts, The Mihalis Angelos (1971) on damages for repudiation, and Laker Airways v Department of Trade (1977) addressing antitrust enforcement.[23] He also led the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, reflecting family ties to Orthodox Jewish institutions.[23] William Hugh Mocatta (1861–1959), a branch member who emigrated to Australia, was appointed King's Counsel in 1920 and judge of the District Court of New South Wales in 1922, presiding over cases including in Moree until his retirement.[30][31]Legacy and Dissolution
Long-term Contributions to Precious Metals Market
Mocatta & Goldsmid, originating from Moses Mocatta's bullion trading in London from 1671, established early precedents for large-scale precious metals shipments, including partnerships with the East India Company to transport gold to India starting in the late 17th century, which helped position London as a central hub for global bullion flows.[7] By securing a Licensed Broker's Medal in 1710, Abraham Mocatta became the Bank of England's (BoE) primary broker for gold and silver, a role that involved handling foreign gold accounts from the 1720s and setting operational standards for assaying and delivery that influenced subsequent market practices.[5] The firm's exclusive brokerage for the BoE from 1758 to 1800, during which it earned a fixed £150 annual commission, enabled it to manage monumental transactions, such as purchasing 550,000 ounces of gold in 1774—equivalent to 75% of estimated annual world production—and £7.3 million in gold bars for the BoE in 1821, fostering stability and liquidity in the London market amid fluctuating global supplies.[5] These activities, combined with operations from sites like Grigsby’s Coffee House after 1779, standardized broking protocols for purity, weighing, and transfer that became foundational to the over-the-counter wholesale trading system.[5] As one of the original members tracing back to the 17th century, Mocatta & Goldsmid contributed to the structural evolution of the London bullion market, including its role in the five key firms that defined early gold trading dynamics and informed the London Bullion Market Association's (LBMA) Good Delivery List criteria for bar quality and refiners.[6] Their enduring legacy includes embedding practices for price discovery and risk management that supported London's dominance in precious metals, even as the firm transitioned through acquisitions like Hambros Bank in 1957, with influences persisting in LBMA governance and global standards for bullion integrity.[5][7]Acquisition and Closure of ScotiaMocatta
In 1997, the Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank) acquired Mocatta Bullion, the precious metals trading division originally established by the Mocatta family in 1684, from Standard Chartered PLC, integrating it as ScotiaMocatta and expanding its global footprint in bullion trading, lending, and refining.[32][33] This purchase positioned Scotiabank as a significant participant in the London Bullion Market, with ScotiaMocatta employing over 160 staff across 10 offices and handling wholesale trading, storage, and financing for gold and other metals.[34] By 2017, amid strategic reviews, Scotiabank explored divesting ScotiaMocatta, attracting bids from institutions including Goldman Sachs, but the sale process faltered as potential buyers like Goldman Sachs and Citibank declined to proceed.[34][35] In response, the bank initiated a major restructuring in 2018, halving the unit's scope by curtailing lending activities and senior staff departures in key hubs like London and New York.[36][35] Further changes included dropping the historic "Mocatta" branding in 2019 to align with Scotiabank's broader operations, signaling a diminished emphasis on the legacy entity's identity.[37] Scotiabank announced the full closure of its metals business in April 2020, ceasing new transactions and planning to wind down existing positions by early 2021, with select staff retained temporarily for the process.[38][32] The shutdown incurred a C$168 million impairment charge in the second quarter of 2020, reflecting reduced activity in bullion trading amid market consolidation and regulatory pressures on physical metals operations.[39] This effectively ended ScotiaMocatta's independent operations after over two decades under Scotiabank, contributing to greater concentration in the global precious metals wholesale market.[40]References
- https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography%2C_1912_supplement/Mocatta%2C_Frederic_David