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Nine for IX
Nine for IX
Nine for IX
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Nine for IX
GenreSports documentary
Directed byvarious
Original languageEnglish
No. of episodes9
Shorts: 7[1]
Production
ProducersRobin Roberts
Jane Rosenthal[2]
Original release
NetworkESPN
ReleaseJuly 2 (2013-07-02) –
August 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)
Related
30 for 30

Nine for IX is the title for a series of documentary films which aired on ESPN. The documentaries were produced by ESPN Films in conjunction with espnW, and were intended to have the same creative, story-driven aspect as ESPN Films' other series, 30 for 30, with the series focusing on captivating stories of women in sports told through the lens of female filmmakers.[2] The series' name is inspired by Title IX, federal civil rights legislation passed in 1972 that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex in educational institutions receiving federal aid; Title IX has also been regarded as helping to expand women's and girls' access to athletic opportunities. The first film, Venus Vs., premiered on July 2, 2013.

List of Nine for IX films

[edit]

The following films are all 60 minutes in length (including commercials).

No.TitleDirected byOriginal release dateUS viewers
(millions)
1Venus Vs.Ava DuVernayJuly 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)0.460[3]
A look at a significant victory Venus Williams earned off the tennis court: the fight to have women competitors earn the same winnings as men at the French Open and Wimbledon.
2Pat XOLisa Lax and Nancy Stern WinterJuly 9, 2013 (2013-07-09)0.311[4]
An in-depth look at the legendary career of Pat Summitt, University of Tennessee Lady Vols basketball coach, and her new battle against early-onset Alzheimer's.
3Let Them Wear TowelsRicki Stern and Annie SundbergJuly 16, 2013 (2013-07-16)0.197[5]
The efforts of Melissa Ludtke, Lisa Olson, and other pioneering female sports journalists to gain equal access with their male brethren to the intimidating sanctum of the all-male sports locker room.
4No LimitsAlison EllwoodJuly 23, 2013 (2013-07-23)0.400[6]
An exploration of the life of world-class freediver Audrey Mestre and the events leading up to the dive that ultimately took her life.
5SwoopesHannah StormJuly 30, 2013 (2013-07-30)0.397[7]
The life of Sheryl Swoopes, whose basketball accomplishments led her to be labeled as "the female Michael Jordan," but who also defied labels in terms of athletic longevity (playing into her 40s) and sexuality (one of the first high-profile athletes to come out of the closet).
6The DiplomatJennifer Arnold and Senain KheshgiAugust 6, 2013 (2013-08-06)0.437[8]
Katarina Witt was one of East Germany's most successful athletes, enduring constant surveillance by the Stasi, but also faced great changes after the fall of the Berlin Wall.
7RunnerShola LynchAugust 13, 2013 (2013-08-13)0.548[9]
How Mary Decker became one of the greatest distance runners of the 1970s and 80s, and how a crushing experience at the 1984 Olympics defined her career.
8The '99ersErin LeydenAugust 20, 2013 (2013-08-20)0.491[10]
Intimate behind-the-scenes footage (shot by the players themselves) details the story of the United States women's national soccer team, whose championship performance at the 1999 World Cup served as the inspiring touchstone for women's soccer and women's athletics as a whole.
9BrandedHeidi Ewing and Rachel GradyAugust 27, 2013 (2013-08-27)0.633[11]
How some women athletes, in particular tennis player Anna Kournikova, feel the need to emphasize sex-appeal attractiveness in an effort to advance their standing in the sports and marketing worlds.

Short films

[edit]

After the first short aired with the full-length films, six additional short films were created, to begin airing in June 2014. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth shorts debuted at the 2014 Los Angeles Film Festival on June 17, before airing with the additional shorts on espnW.com. Additionally, all Nine for IX Shorts aired back-to-back on August 2, 2014, on ESPN.[1]

No.TitleDirected byOriginal release dateLength
(mins)
1CoachBess KargmanJune 18, 2013 (2013-06-18)17:00
A look at Rutgers women's basketball coach C. Vivian Stringer, and how she handled on-court pressure and off-court adversity after racial slurs were directed at her players.
2Love & PayneHannah StormJune 4, 2014 (2014-06-04)12:30
Tracey Stewart offers an intimate, personal, and poignant glimpse of her relationship with her late husband, golfer Payne Stewart.
3Rowdy Ronda RouseyNadine Mundo and Rena Mundo CroshereJuly 28, 2014 (2014-07-28)14:00
A look at the life of Ronda Rousey, and how her victory in a 2013 UFC title fight helped her pave the way for women in mixed martial arts.
4Think NormalNikki ReedJuly 29, 2014 (2014-07-29)16:30
How Debbie McElwain gave her autistic son, Jason, the coaching, strength, and inspiration that led him to a 20-points-in-4-minutes performance in a high school basketball game.
5Brittney Griner: LifesizeMelissa JohnsonJuly 30, 2014 (2014-07-30)16:00
How Brittney Griner went from celebrated kid to self-reliant adult in her basketball career.
6Uncharted WatersTina CarboneJuly 31, 2014 (2014-07-31)16:15
The story of America³, which in 1995 raced with an initially all-female crew, the first such team in the history of the America's Cup yachting competition.
7Play A Round With MeJessica WolfsonAugust 1, 2014 (2014-08-01)11:15
How Jan Stephenson used sex appeal and charisma to become a star in women's golf, yet tried to prove she was more than just a pretty face.

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Nine for IX

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Nine for IX is a series of nine documentary films produced by Films in collaboration with espnW, which premiered on in 2013 to mark the 40th anniversary of , the U.S. federal law mandating equal opportunities regardless of sex in federally funded educational programs. The series features films directed exclusively by women, focusing on pivotal stories of female athletes, coaches, and advocates in sports, including profiles of basketball coach , the 1999 U.S. women's soccer team, and ' campaign for pay equity in . Each installment examines challenges and triumphs in , from the 1984 Olympic collision between runners and to the commercialization of female athletes through branding and sponsorships. The documentaries highlight empirical progress in participation rates for girls in school sports post-Title IX—rising from about 300,000 in 1971 to over 3 million by the —while underscoring ongoing disparities in media coverage, funding, and professional opportunities. Critically, the series has been noted for its narrative depth in addressing gender dynamics, though Title IX's implementation has empirically led to the discontinuation of over 400 men's collegiate sports programs since 1981 to achieve proportionality, illustrating trade-offs in .

Background

Connection to Title IX

Title IX, enacted on June 23, 1972, as part of the Education Amendments, prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. Initially emphasizing academic equity, its application expanded to athletics through regulatory interpretations by the Department of Education's , which established a three-prong test for compliance, including substantial proportionality between the gender composition of athletes and the undergraduate student body. Prior to Title IX, fewer than 30,000 women participated in college athletics, representing about 15% of total collegiate athletes. By the 2012-2013 academic year, female participation had risen to over 200,000, comprising roughly 44% of NCAA athletes, reflecting expanded opportunities driven by enforcement pressures. However, achieving proportionality often necessitated cuts to non-revenue men's teams, with more than 400 such programs eliminated across NCAA institutions since 1972 to reallocate resources amid stagnant overall athletic budgets. The Nine for IX series was developed by Films and espnW, in collaboration with female filmmakers, explicitly to commemorate the 40th anniversary of in , positioning the documentaries as a celebration of the law's role in advancing participation. Premiering on July 2, 2013, the initiative highlighted personal stories of female athletes and coaches, framing as a transformative without addressing ongoing controversies such as roster management or the trade-offs in men's programs.

Inception of the Series

In February 2013, Films and espnW announced Nine for IX, a series of nine original documentaries intended to commemorate the impact of by showcasing pivotal stories of female athletes, coaches, and pioneers in sports. The initiative emphasized underrepresented narratives from the post-1972 era, including Venus Williams's campaign for equal prize money at Wimbledon and the U.S. women's soccer team's 1999 World Cup triumph, selected for their representation of breakthroughs in equity and achievement. The series emerged from a collaboration between ESPN Films, known for producing in-depth sports documentaries, and espnW, ESPN's digital platform launched in April 2011 to expand coverage of and related topics. Each film, directed exclusively by women filmmakers, was planned as a short-format documentary of approximately 50 minutes to allow for focused, narrative-driven explorations rather than exhaustive histories. Topic selection prioritized iconic moments and figures that illustrated causal advancements in women's athletics, such as Pat Summitt's tenure as Tennessee's basketball coach, without imposing additional diversity quotas beyond requiring female directors. Scheduling aligned with summer programming, with episodes airing weekly on Tuesdays at 8 p.m. ET from July 2 to August 27, 2013, exclusively on ESPN to maximize viewership during a period of heightened interest in Olympic and professional sports. This timeline facilitated rapid production cycles, enabling the series to capitalize on the ongoing cultural reflection of Title IX's enforcement outcomes, including increased participation rates for female athletes from under 300,000 in high school sports in 1972 to over 3.2 million by 2012.

Production

Key Personnel and Filmmakers

The Nine for IX series consisted of nine documentaries, each directed by filmmakers chosen for their established expertise in or features, ensuring narratives drawn from personal and professional insights into experiences. This all-female directorial approach, modeled after the male-led series, prioritized authentic grounded in archival evidence and interviews rather than prescriptive . Key directors included , who directed Venus Vs. (premiered July 2, 2013), focusing on ' 2010 campaign for equal prize money at Wimbledon through a lens informed by racial and gender inequities in professional , building on DuVernay's prior Sundance-winning work in Middle of Nowhere (2012). and Rachel Grady helmed Branded (premiered August 27, 2013), applying their Academy Award-nominated documentary style from (2006) to dissect commercialization and image-making in women's athletics, including cases like Brandi Chastain's 1999 celebration. Ricki Stern and Annie Sundberg directed Let Them Wear Towels (premiered July 16, 2013), drawing from their investigative background in films like The Devil Came on Horseback (2007) to chronicle female sports journalists' legal battles for locker-room access, such as Melissa Ludtke's 1978 lawsuit against . ESPN Films and espnW provided production oversight, with executive producers Robin Roberts and enforcing editorial standards aligned with ESPN's commitment to verifiable journalism, including rigorous fact-checking and balanced sourcing of footage from archives like the and individual athletes. Filmmakers collaborated on shared resources for historical materials while retaining autonomy in narrative framing, yielding films that examined Title IX's effects through specific case studies without contrived uniformity or evident bias toward unqualified praise of the law's implementation. This process contrasted with advocacy-driven media by emphasizing causal evidence from participants' accounts over institutional self-congratulation.

Broadcasting and Distribution

The Nine for IX series premiered on on July 2, 2013, with the episode "Venus VS.," and continued airing new installments every Tuesday at 8:00 p.m. ET through August 27, 2013, occupying nine consecutive primetime slots. Episodes became available for on-demand streaming shortly after broadcast via and the Watch ESPN app, with later expansion to platforms including . The documentaries received no theatrical releases, focusing instead on television and through ESPN's ecosystem, including espnW's hub for supplementary content. A comprehensive DVD gift set compiling all nine films was released by Home Entertainment on October 15, , marketed for home viewing and educational use. International availability remained limited, primarily accessible via 's global networks in select markets where the broadcaster operated. Nielsen ratings indicated an average viewership of 446,000 households per episode during the initial run, with individual episodes ranging from approximately 311,000 to 460,000 viewers. Subsequent re-airs and streaming access aligned with milestone events, such as ESPN's Fifty/50 initiative in marking the law's 50th anniversary, which featured related women's sports content collections on .

Films

Overview and Common Themes

The Nine for IX series portrays the advancement of as inextricably linked to Title IX's enactment in , which empirically expanded female collegiate athletic participation from approximately 32,000 participants to over 215,000 by 2020, by mandating nondiscrimination in federally funded educational programs. Recurring motifs across the films highlight athletes' resilience in overcoming societal and institutional barriers, such as battles for equal in professional and the collective team dynamics that propelled the U.S. women's soccer team's 1999 World Cup victory, framing these narratives as causal outcomes of broadened opportunities under the law rather than isolated individual achievements. Personal anecdotes serve to underscore Title IX's role in fostering such successes, privileging inspirational stories over broader econometric debates on enforcement mechanisms like proportionality requirements. Directors consistently employ intimate interviews with athletes and coaches alongside archival footage to humanize subjects, evoking emotional investment in themes of perseverance and barrier-breaking while sidelining statistical dissections of equity compliance. This stylistic choice aligns with the series' production by ESPN Films and espnW, entities that, as part of a outlet, tend to emphasize affirmative gender equity narratives amid institutional biases favoring progressive interpretations of , often attributing gains solely to the legislation without equivalent scrutiny of enforcement's zero-sum dynamics. The films subtly advance ideals of by celebrating expanded access and visibility for women, yet recurrently limit exploration of trade-offs, including how Title IX-driven reallocations have led to the discontinuation of more than 400 men's collegiate teams—predominantly in non-revenue sports—since the , as institutions prioritized compliance over overall program growth. This selective focus, while effective for motivational storytelling, reflects a portrayal that downplays causal realism in resource constraints, as critiqued in analyses noting the series' reinforcement of conventional gender representations despite its intent to empower.

List of Documentaries

  • Venus Vs. (July 2, 2013, dir. Ava DuVernay): Examines Venus Williams' advocacy for equal prize money in tennis, focusing on her successful campaign to match men's winnings at Wimbledon starting in 2007.
  • Pat XO (July 9, 2013, dirs. Lisa Lax, Nancy Stern Winters): Chronicles the career of University of Tennessee women's basketball coach Pat Summitt, who won 1,098 games, and her 2011 diagnosis with early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
  • Let Them Wear Towels (July 16, 2013, dirs. Ricki Stern, Annie Sundberg): Details the struggles of female sports journalists for equal access to male locker rooms, including the 1977 World Series incident where reporters entered in towels and Lisa Olson's 1990 confrontation with New England Patriots players.
  • No Limits (July 23, 2013, dir. Alison Ellwood): Follows free diver Audrey Mestre's overcoming of scoliosis through underwater exploration, her relationship with coach Pipin Ferreras, and her fatal 2002 attempt to break the women's freediving record at 171 meters.
  • The '99ers (July 30, 2013, dir. Erin Leyden): Recounts the 1999 U.S. Women's National Soccer Team's World Cup triumph, including the semifinal penalty shootout victory over China on July 10, 1999, and its role in popularizing women's soccer.
  • Branded (August 6, 2013, dirs. Heidi Ewing, Rachel Grady): Investigates the commercialization of female athletes, highlighting disparities in endorsement deals and the expectation for women to emphasize sex appeal alongside performance.
  • Runner (August 13, 2013, dir. Shola Lynch): Explores American runner Mary Decker's buildup to the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics and her collision with Zola Budd in the 3,000-meter final on August 10, 1984, which ended Decker's race.
  • Silly Little Game (August 20, 2013, dir. Lucy Walker): Traces the brief existence of the women's professional softball league in the 1990s, including its challenges in sustaining fan interest and financial viability.
  • Lillian (August 27, 2013, dir. Daniela Issa): Profiles pre-Title IX athlete Lillian Copeland, who won the gold medal in women's discus throw at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics with a throw of 40.58 meters.

Reception

Critical Reviews

Critics praised the Nine for IX series for its emotional storytelling and emphasis on underrepresented female perspectives in sports. The commended the premiere episode "Venus VS." for effectively capturing ' advocacy for equal pay in , describing it as a "promising start" that highlighted her "fighting spirit." Similarly, highlighted the series' focus on achievements four decades after , noting its timely examination of ongoing challenges faced by female athletes. Aggregate user ratings on reflected moderate reception, with the series overall scoring 6.3/10 based on 81 reviews, though individual episodes varied widely. For instance, "The '99ers," covering the 1999 U.S. women's soccer team, earned an 8.1/10 from 67 ratings, praised for its engaging portrayal of team dynamics and triumph. "Let Them Wear Towels," which explored journalists' access to rooms, drew acclaim for addressing gender barriers in sports media through personal accounts of and perseverance. Some reviews critiqued the series for insufficient analytical depth, particularly in intersecting social factors. A scholarly of "Branded," which examined the sexual of female athletes, argued that like other entries, it omitted critical discussion of race and class oppressions, favoring over rigorous intersectional examination. Academic evaluations acknowledged the documentaries' role in tackling issues but noted a tendency toward celebratory profiles of success that sometimes glossed over broader systemic critiques.

Viewership and Awards

The Nine for IX series averaged 446,000 viewers across its nine episodes, which aired on from July 2 to August 27, 2013, reflecting modest linear television performance compared to 's higher-profile documentaries, many of which exceeded 1 million viewers. Individual episodes drew similarly low ratings, with the series described as "faring poorly" relative to expectations for original programming. This viewership underscored the niche appeal of sports documentaries focused on women's athletics, falling well below major live sports events on the network, though post-broadcast availability on platforms like and sustained access for audiences. The series received limited formal recognition, including three nominations in the 35th Sports Emmy Awards for outstanding documentary work, marking espnW.com's initial entries in the category, though it secured no wins. It earned a Image Award for Outstanding Documentary - Television in 2014, highlighting its thematic focus on women's stories in sports. Individual films, such as Venus VS. directed by , premiered at events like the Film Festival but did not garner separate major awards beyond series-level acclaim. Overall, the recognitions emphasized directional and production efforts rather than broad commercial breakthrough.

Impact and Legacy

Cultural and Educational Influence

In July 2014, espnW launched the Nine for IX Knowledge Center, an online resource designed for educators, student-athletes, and institutions to facilitate discussions on and using clips and materials from the series. The center provided free discussion guides for each documentary, such as those for Branded and The '99ers, encouraging analysis of themes like gender equity and athlete experiences in educational settings. This initiative extended the series' reach into classrooms and campus programs, promoting 's historical context through structured prompts and video excerpts. The series contributed to broader public discourse by featuring documentaries directed exclusively by women, marking a deliberate effort to elevate female voices in sports storytelling at a time when such representation was limited. This approach highlighted personal narratives of female athletes and pioneers, fostering conversations on barriers in without relying on male-dominated perspectives prevalent in earlier sports media. By airing in 2013 to commemorate Title IX's 40th anniversary, Nine for IX helped sustain media attention to the law's implementation, influencing subsequent efforts like the 2022 Fifty/50 docuseries for the 50th anniversary, which built on similar thematic explorations of equity and access. While direct causation is challenging to establish, the series' emphasis on empirical stories of athletic achievement correlated with heightened academic and media examinations of 's societal effects, as evidenced by post-release analyses in sport studies. These efforts normalized in-depth, female-led examinations of sports history, paving the way for educational tools that integrated such content into curricula focused on gender dynamics in athletics.

Role in Sports Media Evolution

The Nine for IX series represented a milestone in sports media by employing an all-female directorial team for its nine documentaries, a departure from the predominantly male-led productions in ESPN's prior offerings. In ESPN's anthology, which had produced 51 films by early 2013, only four featured female directors, underscoring the male dominance in sports documentary filmmaking. By commissioning accomplished female filmmakers such as and Lisa Lax to helm the series, challenged industry norms and elevated women's voices in narrating sports histories, particularly those tied to Title IX's implementation since 1972. This approach set a for diversity in ESPN's documentary slate, fostering greater inclusion of female creators in subsequent projects. The series' emphasis on intimate, athlete-centered storytelling—evident in films like Pat XO, which offered a raw portrait of coach Pat Summitt's career and health struggles—blended personal testimonials with archival footage, influencing the hybrid narrative styles seen in later works that prioritize emotional depth alongside historical context. Such techniques helped standardize more nuanced portrayals of female athletes, moving beyond traditional highlight-reel formats to explore broader cultural dynamics in sports broadcasting. The series also bolstered production standards for coverage, achieving an average viewership of 446,000 across its 2013 run, with the finale Branded peaking at 633,000 viewers. Airing in conjunction with espnW, ESPN's women-focused platform launched in 2011, Nine for IX enhanced its reach by integrating expanded online content and thematic extensions, contributing to the platform's transition toward mainstream engagement in sports media ecosystems. This visibility helped normalize dedicated female-driven content, paving the way for increased investment in diverse production teams within the evolving landscape of sports documentaries.

Controversies and Criticisms

Narrative Bias in Title IX Portrayal

The Nine for IX series presents Title IX's impact on athletics through a consistently affirmative lens, highlighting surges in women's participation—such as the increase from roughly 30,000 female collegiate athletes in 1972 to over 215,000 by the 2020s—while systematically excluding examination of enforcement-driven trade-offs. This framing aligns with the production's anniversary intent to celebrate female achievement but omits causal links between compliance strategies and reductions in men's opportunities, where institutions reallocated resources to meet enrollment-proportional quotas rather than expanding overall capacity. Empirical NCAA records show men's wrestling programs dropping from 342 sponsoring institutions in 1984 to 289 by 1988, with subsequent eliminations—totaling hundreds of men's teams across sports like swimming and track—often cited as direct responses to proportionality pressures amid stagnant or slower male enrollment growth. The absence of scrutiny on proportionality's mechanics perpetuates a narrative detached from interest-based alternatives, such as surveys gauging actual student demand under Title IX's third compliance prong, which could prioritize equity without mandating ratios. Legal precedents like Cohen v. (1996) underscore this tension: the First Circuit upheld substantial proportionality as a viable compliance path but rejected quotas as the sole metric, yet the decision effectively entrenched ratio-focused enforcement that critics argue imposes gender balancing over accommodating evidenced preferences. Mainstream athletic media, including productions, rarely interrogate these dynamics, reflecting systemic biases in institutions that favor outcome-oriented portrayals of progressive policies while downplaying zero-sum reallocations verifiable in participation disparities. By predating Title IX's broader application to via the 2011 Dear Colleague letter—which lowered evidentiary thresholds and raised challenges in adjudications—the series avoids those controversies but still normalizes an enforcement paradigm prone to overreach in athletics. This selective emphasis limits causal realism, as full equity analysis demands weighing verified gains against documented program losses, rather than implying unalloyed progress amid enrollment demographics where female students now comprise over 56% of undergraduates but athletic ratios lag.

Specific Critiques of Film Content

In the documentary Venus Vs., directed by and focusing on ' advocacy for equal prize money at Wimbledon, critics have pointed to an unbalanced portrayal of the pay equity debate by underemphasizing the ' market dominance as a key driver of change. The film highlights as the primary barrier, culminating in Wimbledon's of equal pay in 2007 following years of campaigning, but omits detailed discussion of how Venus and Serena's combined success—securing 18 Grand Slam singles titles between 2000 and 2007, including multiple Wimbledon victories—boosted attendance, viewership, and revenue, factors that bolstered the economic case for parity beyond alone. This selective framing, reviewers argue, skips broader context such as family dynamics and coaching decisions that influenced public and media perceptions of the sisters' achievements. The film Branded, directed by and Rachel Grady, interrogates whether female athletes' branding success hinges more on sex appeal than athletic prowess, featuring examples like Anna Kournikova's endorsement deals despite limited tournament wins. However, scholarly reviews critique it for inadequate depth in dissecting how media and sponsorship emphasis on attractiveness reinforces , noting that segments on beauty standards lack rigorous analysis of their long-term implications for athletes' careers and sports equity. Despite profiling athletes navigating these pressures post-Title IX, the documentary is faulted for not sufficiently challenging the cultural mechanisms that prioritize "the total package" of looks and skill over performance metrics alone. In Let Them Wear Towels, which chronicles faced by female sports reporters in male locker rooms, particularly the 1990 incident involving a journalist and players, some academic discussions highlight its limited engagement with intersectional factors like race and class in shaping journalists' experiences. While the film emphasizes gender-based barriers and the push for access reforms, it has been noted for prioritizing a singular narrative of over how minority women in sports media encounter compounded biases, potentially oversimplifying the field's dynamics. This approach, per analyses in sports communication , risks reinforcing a homogenized view of professional obstacles without addressing diverse identity intersections documented in broader industry studies.

References

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  44. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2724194/awards/
  45. https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-la-film-festival-venus-vs-filmmaker-on-the-tennis-activist-20130619-story.html
  46. https://espnpressroom.com/us/press-releases/2014/07/espnw-builds-themes-acclaimed-nine-ix-series-launch-innovative-knowledge-center/
  47. http://a4.espncdn.com/espnw/knowledgecenter/guides/discussion-guide-branded-2.pdf
  48. http://a4.espncdn.com/espnw/knowledgecenter/guides/discussion-guide-the99ers-general.pdf
  49. https://www.espnfrontrow.com/2014/07/espnw-uses-nine-ix-films-drop-knowledge/
  50. https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/dawn-porter-fifty-50-espn-docuseries-1235092248/
  51. https://nmlavoi.com/2014/07/30/access-free-educational-materials-for-espnw-nine-for-ix-films/
  52. https://www.espn.com/espnw/nine-for-ix/article/8948860/nine-ix-film-summary-director-pat-xo
  53. https://feminist.org/our-work/education-equity/gender-equity-in-athletics/title-ix-athletics-and-sports/interesting-facts-about-athletics-sports-and-title-ix/
  54. https://www.espn.com/blog/ombudsman/post/_/id/906/espn-shows-progress-faces-challenges-regarding-women-in-sports
  55. https://equity.siu.edu/_common/documents/resources/title-ix-and-mens-sports.pdf
  56. https://www.quimbee.com/cases/cohen-v-brown-university-101-f-3d-155-1996
  57. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED427564.pdf
  58. https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=student-scholarship
  59. https://www.ncwge.org/TitleIX40/Athletics.pdf
  60. https://www.usccr.gov/files/pubs/docs/TitleIX-2010.pdf
  61. https://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/venus-vs-review-espn-1200502547/
  62. http://cdm17103.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p17103coll10/id/16356
  63. https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/10653
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