Ural-Volga Turki

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The Ural-Volga Turki^[1] (Old Bashkir^[2] or Old Tatar) language was a literary language used by some ethnic groups of the Idel-Ural region (Tatars and Bashkirs) from the middle of the 13th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

Ural-Volga Turki is a member of the Kipchak (or Northwestern) group of Turkic languages. The first poem, considered to be written by Qul Ghali in Ural-Volga Turki dates back to the period of Volga Bulgaria and Ancient Bashkortostan. It included many Persian and Arabic loans.

In its written form, the language was spelled uniformly among different ethnic groups, speaking different Turkic languages of the Kipchak sub-group. The pronunciation differed from one people to another, approximating to the spoken language, making the written form universal for different languages.

The language formerly used Arabic script and its later updated alphabets of İske imlâ and Yaña imlâ. Ural-Volga Turki language was a language of Idel-Ural poetry and literature. Along with Ottoman Turkish, Azeri, Khaqani Turkic and Chagatai, it was one of the few Turkic literary languages used in the Middle Ages.^[3] It was actively used in publishing until 1905, when the first Tatar and Bashkir newspapers begun to be published in modern Tatar and Bashkir language.

In many publications from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the letter ۇ is used to represent the sound /ʊ̆/ or /ʏ̆/.

• "Eski Başqurt Əzəbiy Tili/Иҫке башҡорт әҙәби теле". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.

• Turki
• Bashkir language
• Tatar language