![]() | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
In the run up to the Indian general election, 2019, various organisations carried out opinion polls to gauge voting intention in India. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. The date range for these opinion polls are from the Jan 2018 to April 2019. Many organisations have gone on to conduct exit polls and post-poll surveys as well, which too are displayed.
Opinion polls in India can be controversial. These charges include partisan manipulation.[1]
Opinion poll methodology has heavily improved and agencies like CSDS have got it absolutely correct on 16 occasions, roughly correct on 7 occasions and wrong on 4 occasions.[2]
Post-poll surveys or Exit polls, widely published, are fundamentally different from opinion polls.[3]
Various organisations carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in India. The results of such polls are displayed in this list. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held in April and May 2014, to the present day. The ECI banned the release of exit polls from 11 April to 19 May, the last phase of the elections.[4] The commission also banned the publication or broadcast in the media of predictions made by astrologers and tarot card readers.[5]
Poll type | Date published | Polling agency | Others | Majority | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | ||||||
Opinion polls | 8 April 2019 | Times Now-VMR | 279 | 149 | 115 | 7 | [6] |
6 April 2019 | India TV-CNX | 275 | 126 | 142 | 3 | [7] | |
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR | 283 | 135 | 125 | 11 | [8] | |
Mar 2019 | News Nation | 270 | 134 | 139 | Hung | [9] | |
Mar 2019 | CVoter | 264 | 141 | 138 | Hung | [citation needed] | |
Mar 2019 | India TV-CNX | 285 | 126 | 132 | 13 | [10] | |
Mar 2019 | Zee 24 Taas | 264 | 165 | 114 | Hung | [11] | |
Feb 2019 | VDP Associates | 242 | 148 | 153 | Hung | [12] | |
Jan 2019 | Times Now-VMR | 252 | 147 | 144 | Hung | [13] | |
Jan 2019 | ABP News-CVoter | 233 | 167 | 143 | Hung | [14] | |
Jan 2019 | India Today-Karvy | 237 | 166 | 140 | Hung | [15] | |
Jan 2019 | VDP Associates | 225 | 167 | 150 | Hung | [16] | |
Dec 2018 | India Today | 257 | 146 | 140 | Hung | [17] | |
Dec 2018 | ABP News-CVoter | 247 | 171 | 125 | Hung | [18] | |
Dec 2018 | India TV-CNX | 281 | 124 | 138 | 9 | [19] | |
Nov 2018 | ABP News-CVoter | 261 | 119 | 163 | Hung | [20] | |
Oct 2018 | ABP News | 276 | 112 | 155 | 4 | [21] | |
Aug 2018 | India Today-Karvy | 281 | 122 | 140 | 9 | [22] | |
May 2018 | ABP News-CSDS | 274 | 164 | 105 | 2 | [23] | |
Jan 2018 | CVoter | 335 | 89 | 119 | 63 | [citation needed] | |
Jan 2018 | India Today | 309 | 102 | 132 | 37 | [24] |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | ||||
Mar 2019 | News Nation[9] | 34% | 28% | 38% | 6% |
Mar 2019 | ABP News – C voter[25][26] | 41% | 31% | 28% | 10% |
Jan 2019 | Times Now-VMR[27] | 38.7% | 32.6% | 28.7% | 6.1% |
Jan 2019 | CVoter[citation needed] | 37.6% | 32.2% | 30.2% | 5.4% |
Jan 2019 | India Today -Karvy[15] | 35% | 33% | 32% | 2% |
April–May 2014 | 2014 General election results | 36.0% | 23.0% | 42.0% | 13.0% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Narendra Modi | Rahul Gandhi | |||
Jan 2019 | India Today[28] | 60% | 24% | 36% |
Jan 2019 | India TV - CNX[29] | 41% | 23% | 18% |
Nov 2018 | ABP News- C Voter[20] | 56% | 36% | 20% |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 60% | 34% | 26% |
Jan 2018 | 66% | 28% | 38% | |
2017 | 69% | 26% | 43% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | |||
Feb 2019 | ABP news - Cvoter[31] | 60% | 32% | 28% |
Date published | Polling agency | can't say | Lead | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rahul Gandhi | Mamata Banerjee | K. Chandrashekar Rao | P. Chidambaram | Akhilesh Yadav | Arvind Kejriwal | Naveen Patnaik | Sharad Pawar | Mayawati | Nitish Kumar | Sonia Gandhi | Mulayam Singh Yadav | ||||
Jan 2019 | India Today- Karvy[32] | 32% | 3% | – | 3% | 3% | – | – | – | 7% | – | – | – | 12% | 34% |
Jul 2018 | India Today- Karvy[33] | 46% | 8% | 6% | 6% | 4% | 4% | 2% | 2% | 2% | – | – | – | 12% | 34% |
Jan 2018 | 45% | 9% | 9% | 7% | 5% | 4% | 4% | 2% | 3% | – | – | – | 12% | 33% | |
Jul 2017 | 21% | 4% | 6% | 4% | – | 7% | 3% | – | 2% | 13% | 12% | 3% | 22% | 1% | |
Jan 2017 | 28% | 4% | 3% | 2% | 7% | 2% | 3% | 13% | 9% | 3% | 24% | 4% | |||
Aug 2016 | 23% | 4% | 4% | 2% | 12% | 3% | 3% | 13% | 9% | 3% | 21% | 2% | |||
Feb 2016 | 32% | 2% | 5% | – | 10% | 1% | 3% | 8% | 15% | 2% | 15% | 17% |
Date published | Polling agency | Don't know | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Better | Worse | ||||
Jan 2019 | India Today -Karvy[34] | 49% | 28% | 23% | 21% |
Aug 2018 | India Today -Karvy[34] | 51% | 24% | 25% | 27% |
Jan 2018 | India Today -Karvy[34] | 56% | 21% | 23% | 34% |
Date published | Polling agency | Unemployment | Price rise | Corruption | Farmers' plight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 2019 | India today - Karvy[35] | 37% | 19% | 15% | 12% |
Date published | Polling agency | Don't know | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Jan 2019 | India today - Karvy[35] | 65% | 25% | 10% | 40% |
Date published | Polling agency | Don't know | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | ||||
Jan 2019 | India today - Karvy[35] | 12% | 76% | 12% | 64% |
Date published | Polling agency | Yes | No | Not aware of deal | Can't say |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan 2019 | India today - Karvy[36] | 30% | 32% | 23% | 15% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
TDP | YSRCP | |||
6 April 2019 | IndiaTV-CNX [37] | 7 | 18 | 11 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TDP | YSRCP | UPA | NDA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AIUDF | |||
6 April 2019 | IndiaTV-CNX [37] | 5 | 5 | 2 | – |
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 8 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AIUDF | ||||
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 37.0% | 32.4% | 12.8% | 14.3% | 4.60% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | IndiaTV-CNX [37] | 29 | 11 | 18 |
Jan 2019 | ABP News - Cvoter[14] | 35 | 5 | 30 |
Nov 2018 | ABP News- C Voter[20] | 34 | 6 | 28 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 22 | 18 | 4 |
31 | 9 | 22 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 3 | 8 | 5 |
March 2019 | News Nation[9] | 5 | 6 | 1 |
Jan 2019 | India TV - CNX[39] | 5 | 6 | 1 |
Oct 2018 | Times Now[40] | 8 | 3 | 5 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 9 | 2 | 7 |
Oct 2018 | Times Now[40] | 8 | 3 | 5 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | JCC |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[41] | 2 | – | 2 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV-CNX[41] | 24 | 2 | 22 |
March 2019 | News Nation[9] | 21 | 5 | 16 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | INLD | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[41] | 9 | 1 | – | 8 |
Jan 2019 | ABP News - Cvoter[14] | 7 | 3 | – | 4 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 6 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | INLD |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[41] | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Mar 2019 | Times Now[38] | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | JKPDP |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
9 April 2019 | Times Now - VMR[42] | 11 | 3 | 8 |
8 April 2019 | News Nation[43] | 9 | 5 | 4 |
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[44] | 10 | 4 | 6 |
30 March 2019 | VDP Associates[45] | 7 | 7 | – |
5 January 2019 | VDP Associates[46] | 4 | 10 | 6 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | JMM | JVM |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 16 | 12 | 4 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UDF | LDF | NDA | |||
15–19 April 2019 | Twenty Four News[47] | 10-12 | 8-10 | 0-2 | 0-4 |
14 April 2019 | Asianet News - AZ Research[48] | 13 | 6 | 1 | 7 |
8 April 2019 | Mathrubhoomi News - Nielson[49] | 14 | 5 | 1 | 9 |
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 14 | 5 | 1 | 9 |
March 2019 | News Nation[9] | 15 | 4 | 1 | 11 |
March 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 16 | 3 | 1 | 12 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[50] | 12 | 6 | 2 | 6 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UDF | LDF | NDA | |||
15-19 Apr 2019 | Twenty Four News[47] | 42% | 39% | 15% | 3% |
14 April 2019 | Asianet News – AZ Research[48] | 41% | 34% | 19% | 7% |
8 April 2019 | Mathrubhoomi News – Nielson[49] | 41% | 37% | 16% | 4% |
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 45% | 29.2% | 21.7% | 15.8% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | IndiaTV-CNX[37] | 21 | 8 | 13 |
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 24 | 5 | 19 |
Jan 2019 | ABP News -Cvoter[14] | 23 | 6 | 17 |
Jan 2019 | India TV - CNX[39] | 18 | 11 | 7 |
Nov 2018 | ABP News - C Voters[20] | 22 | 7 | 15 |
Oct 2018 | Times Now[40] | 21 | 8 | 13 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 23 | 6 | 17 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | ||||
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 49.20% | 39.70% | 4.30% | 9.5% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | SHS | UPA | NCP | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[51] | 34 | 13 | 21 | ||
Jan 2019 | ABP News - Cvoter[14] | 28 | 20 | 8 | ||
Jan 2019 | VDP Associates[52] | 23 | 2 | 23 | – | |
Jan 2019 | India TV - CNX[53] | 22 | 8 | 18 | 4 | |
Nov 2018 | ABP News- C Voter[20] | 23 | 5 | 14 | 6 | 9 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 16 | 2 | 30 | 14 | |
36 | 12 | 24 | ||||
22 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 11 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | SHS | UPA | NCP |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NDA | NPF | |||
Mar 2019 | Times Now[38] | 1 | 1 | 0 | – |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | MNF | NDA | |||
Mar 2019 | Times Now[38] | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NPF | NDA | |||
March 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NPF | Others | |||
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 30.1% | 68.7% | 5.9% | 38.6% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | BJD | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 6 | 1 | 14 | 8 |
Jan 2019 | ABP News - Cvoter[14] | 12 | – | 9 | 3 |
Nov 2018 | ABP News- C Voter[20] | 13 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 13 | 2 | 6 | 7 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | BJD |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AAP | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV[37] | 3 | 9 | 1 | 6 |
Mar 2019 | Zee 24 Taas[11] | 1 | 10 | 2 | 6 |
Mar 2019 | India TV[54] | 3 | 9 | 1 | 6 |
Jan 2019 | ABP News - Cvoter[14] | 1 | 12 | 0 | 11 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 1 | 12 | 0 | 11 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AAP |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 17 | 8 | 9 |
March 2019 | News Nation[9] | 17 | 8 | 9 |
Jan 2019 | India TV - CNX[39] | 15 | 10 | 5 |
Jan 2019 | VDP Associates[55] | 12 | 13 | 1 |
Nov 2018 | ABP News- C Voters[20] | 17 | 8 | 9 |
Oct 2018 | Times Now[40] | 24 | 1 | 23 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 18 | 7 | 11 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | SDF | NDA | |||
8 April 2019 | News X[56] | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
March 2019 | Times Now[38] | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NDA | AIADMK | |||
8 April 2019 | Times Now-VMR[57] | 33 | 6 | 27 | |
8 April 2019 | PuthiyaThalaimurai TV[58] | 31-33 | 6-8 | 27 | |
6 April 2019 | IndiaTV-CNX[37] | 21 | 13 | 8 | |
5 April 2019 | People studies-Loyola College[59] | 33 | 3-5 | 28 | |
Mar 2019 | News Nation[9] | 24 | 15 | 9 | |
Mar 2019 | Times[60] | 18 | 15 | 6 | 3 |
Mar 2019 | India TV-CNX[54] | 22 | 15 | 2 | 7 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRS | UPA | BJP | AIMIM | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 12 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 12 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 10 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | TRS | AIMIM | NDA | |||
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 30.30% | 41.20% | 7.4% | 17.60% | 10.9% |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDF | NDA | UPA | |||
Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR[38] | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
March 2019 | India TV-CNX[54] | 1 | 1 | 0 | – |
Jan 2019 | Times Now-VMR[61] | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Dec 2018 | India Today[17] | 1 | 1 | 0 | – |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | MGB | |||
8 April 2019 | News Nation[62] | 37 | 2 | 41 | 4 |
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[37] | 41 | 4 | 35 | 6 |
3 April 2019 | ABP News - Nielsen[63] | 36 | 2 | 42 | 6 |
1 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[64] | 46 | 4 | 30 | 16 |
19 March 2019 | Times Now - VMR[38] | 42 | 2 | 36 | 6 |
12 March 2019 | News Nation[9] | 35 | 2 | 43 | 8 |
8 March 2019 | India TV - CNX[65] | 41 | 4 | 35 | 6 |
31 January 2019 | Times Now - VMR[61] | 27 | 2 | 51 | 24 |
24 January 2019 | ABP News - Cvoter[14] | 25 | 4 | 51 | 26 |
23 January 2019 | India Today[66] | 18 | 4 | 58 | 40 |
2 November 2018 | ABP News - CVoter[20] | 31 | 5 | 44 | 13 |
5 October 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 36 | 2 | 42 | 6 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | MGB |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | |||
Jan 2019 | India TV - CNX[39] | 4 | 1 | 3 |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AITC | LF | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[41] | 12 | 1 | 28 | 1 | 16 |
Mar 2019 | ABP News- Nielsen[67] | 8 | 3 | 31 | – | 23 |
Jan 2019 | Spick Media[68] | 8 | 4 | 30 | 0 | 22 |
Nov 2018 | Spick Media[69] | 5 | 4 | 32 | 1 | 27 |
Nov 2018 | ABP News- C Voter[20] | 9 | 1 | 32 | – | 23 |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AITC | LF |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AAP |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AAP |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NDA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NDA | NCP |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NDA |
Date published | Polling agency | Others | Lead | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
UPA | NDA |
Date published | Polling agency | Lead | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | AAP | |||
6 April 2019 | India TV - CNX[41] | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 |
March 2019 | News Nation[9] | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
Jan 2019 | India TV - CNX[39] | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Oct 2018 | ABP News- CSDS[30] | 4 | – | 3 | 1 |
Poll type | Date published | Polling agency | Others | Majority | Ref | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDA | UPA | ||||||
Exit polls | India Today-Axis | 352 ± 13 | 93 ± 15 | 82 ± 13 | 70 ± 13 | [70] | |
News24-Today's Chanakya | 350 ± 14 | 95 ± 9 | 97 ± 11 | 68 ± 14 | [71] | ||
News18-IPSOS CNN-IBN-IPSOS |
336 | 82 | 124 | 64 | [72][73] | ||
VDP Associates | 333 | 115 | 94 | 61 | [74] | ||
Sudarshan News | 313 | 121 | 109 | 41 | [75] | ||
Times Now-VMR | 306 ± 3 | 132 ± 3 | 104 ± 3 | 34 ± 3 | [76] | ||
Suvarna News | 305 | 124 | 102 | 33 | [75] | ||
India TV-CNX | 300 ± 10 | 120 ± 5 | 122 ± 6 | 28 ± 10 | [77] | ||
India News-Polstrat | 287 | 128 | 127 | 15 | [78] | ||
CVoter | 287 | 128 | 127 | 15 | [73] | ||
News Nation | 286 | 122 | 134 | 14 | [79] | ||
ABP-CSDS | 277 | 130 | 135 | 5 | [70] | ||
NewsX-Neta | 242 | 164 | 137 | Hung | [73] |