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Panamanian Americans

Panamanian Americans (Spanish: panameño-americano, norteamericano de origen panameño or estadounidense de origen panameño) are Americans of Panamanian descent.

The history of Panamanian immigration to the United States is intertwined with the complex diplomatic relationship between the two nations, which formally began in 1903 following Panama's separation from Colombia. Early migration patterns were significantly influenced by the construction and operation of the Panama Canal.

Panamanian Americans are the second smallest Central American ethnic group in the United States as of 2010.

The Panamanian-American population in the United States grew significantly from 100,000 in 2000 to 240,000 in 2021, representing a 134% increase over two decades. Many Panamanian-Americans reside near army-based cities. As of 2021, Panamanian Americans are primarily concentrated in five states including Florida, New York, California, Texas, and Georgia.

Panamanians settled in the United States before the 19th century, however they were not required to be recorded in immigration records. U.S. Immigration officials did not differentiate between Latin American immigrants at the time. Early migration patterns show just 44 Panamanians recorded in the United States in the 1830s. Immigration gradually increased, reaching over 1,000 annual arrivals by the early 1900s, though these numbers declined following World War I.

The 1940 Census recorded 7,000 Americans of Central American descent, with several hundred likely being Panamanian or of Colombian heritage from areas that later formed the Republic of Panama. After World War II, immigration from Panama to the United States increased significantly, with the Census Bureau noting in 1960 that Panamanians were among the largest Central American groups in the nation.

From 1962 onward, domestic service remained a significant occupation among Panamanian immigrants, comprising 15-28% of employed newcomers. The 1968 immigration preference system, which prioritized family reunification, facilitated increased immigration of homemakers and children. By 1970, Central Americans in the U.S. had grown to 174,000, with Panamanians emerging as one of the largest Central American immigrant groups. Substantial Panamanian immigration occurred after the 1965 Immigration Act, which paradoxically imposed a 120,000-person limit on Western Hemisphere admissions.

Approximately twice as many women as men immigrated to the United States, with many women finding employment in housekeeping, service industries, or as low-level white-collar workers, while sending remittances back to their families. As of 2013, about 20% of Panamanian migrants were employed in the domestic sector. Foreign-born Panamanian-American adults show a higher marriage rate of 46%, while their U.S.-born counterparts have a lower rate of 37%.

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