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Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow
Patriarch Alexy I (Alexius I, Russian: Патриарх Алексий I, secular name Sergey Vladimirovich Simansky, Russian: Серге́й Влади́мирович Сима́нский; November 8 [O.S. October 27] 1877 – 17 April 1970) was the 13th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) between 1945 and 1970.
Born in Moscow to a noble family, his father was a Chamberlain of the Russian Imperial Court. In 1899, he graduated from Moscow Imperial University with a law degree, was conscripted by the army and served in a grenadier regiment. In 1902, he enrolled at Moscow Theological Academy, and by 1906, he had been elevated to the dignity of archimandrite and was appointed rector of the seminary at Tula.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, he was arrested several times, and in 1922, exiled to Kazakhstan. In 1926, he returned to Saint Petersburg (which had been renamed Leningrad) and was appointed Archbishop of Khutyn, that is, the vicar of the Diocese of Novgorod.
On 29 July 1927, Metropolitan Sergei Stragorodsky, acting as de facto head of the Russian Orthodox Church, signed a statement of unconditional loyalty to the Soviet State. The statement was co-signed by all members of the Holy Synod, and Archbishop Alexy of Khutyn.
He ran the diocese for much of the next seven years while Metropolitan Arsenius Stadnitsky was in prison or exile. In 1933, Alexius served briefly as Archbishop of Novgorod (for several months) and then metropolitan of Leningrad.
In the early hours of 5 September 1943, Metropolitan Alexius, together with Metropolitan Sergius and Metropolitan Nicholas (Yarushevich), met with Joseph Stalin in the Kremlin where a historic decision was made regarding the fate of the Church in the state ruled by the militantly atheist Communist party. In the midst of World War II, Stalin decided to allow the Russian Orthodox Church to legally function again after two decades of severe persecution. Restrictions on the Patriarchate of Moscow were relaxed somewhat and many churches throughout the Soviet Union were re-opened. Stalin tried to appeal to patriotic feelings of the Russian people, especially the peasantry, the backbone of the Red Army, many of whom grew up in still deeply religious families.
When Patriarch Sergius died on 15 May 1944, Metropolitan Alexy took his place as Patriarchal locum tenens. In his first statement after assuming control of the Church, the Metropolitan assured Stalin of his "profound affection and gratitude" and vowed to "safeguard the Church against mistakes and false steps".
On 2 February 1945, with Stalin's approval, Alexius I was elected Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia and enthroned on February 4, 1945.
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Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow
Patriarch Alexy I (Alexius I, Russian: Патриарх Алексий I, secular name Sergey Vladimirovich Simansky, Russian: Серге́й Влади́мирович Сима́нский; November 8 [O.S. October 27] 1877 – 17 April 1970) was the 13th Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus', Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) between 1945 and 1970.
Born in Moscow to a noble family, his father was a Chamberlain of the Russian Imperial Court. In 1899, he graduated from Moscow Imperial University with a law degree, was conscripted by the army and served in a grenadier regiment. In 1902, he enrolled at Moscow Theological Academy, and by 1906, he had been elevated to the dignity of archimandrite and was appointed rector of the seminary at Tula.
After the Bolshevik Revolution, he was arrested several times, and in 1922, exiled to Kazakhstan. In 1926, he returned to Saint Petersburg (which had been renamed Leningrad) and was appointed Archbishop of Khutyn, that is, the vicar of the Diocese of Novgorod.
On 29 July 1927, Metropolitan Sergei Stragorodsky, acting as de facto head of the Russian Orthodox Church, signed a statement of unconditional loyalty to the Soviet State. The statement was co-signed by all members of the Holy Synod, and Archbishop Alexy of Khutyn.
He ran the diocese for much of the next seven years while Metropolitan Arsenius Stadnitsky was in prison or exile. In 1933, Alexius served briefly as Archbishop of Novgorod (for several months) and then metropolitan of Leningrad.
In the early hours of 5 September 1943, Metropolitan Alexius, together with Metropolitan Sergius and Metropolitan Nicholas (Yarushevich), met with Joseph Stalin in the Kremlin where a historic decision was made regarding the fate of the Church in the state ruled by the militantly atheist Communist party. In the midst of World War II, Stalin decided to allow the Russian Orthodox Church to legally function again after two decades of severe persecution. Restrictions on the Patriarchate of Moscow were relaxed somewhat and many churches throughout the Soviet Union were re-opened. Stalin tried to appeal to patriotic feelings of the Russian people, especially the peasantry, the backbone of the Red Army, many of whom grew up in still deeply religious families.
When Patriarch Sergius died on 15 May 1944, Metropolitan Alexy took his place as Patriarchal locum tenens. In his first statement after assuming control of the Church, the Metropolitan assured Stalin of his "profound affection and gratitude" and vowed to "safeguard the Church against mistakes and false steps".
On 2 February 1945, with Stalin's approval, Alexius I was elected Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia and enthroned on February 4, 1945.